China’s history has gone through stages such as primitive society, slave society, and feudal society. It has been more than 5,000 years ago. During this long period of time, our ancestors used many natural materials or processed materials as notes and writing tools to help memorize, record experience, pass on records, and write books. The methods recorded in ancient books or those found in archaeological form include: knot-line notes, carving of bones, carving of stone drums, and simple carvings.
Among the above-mentioned early note-taking materials, the most widely used ones are the simple ones, especially the simple ones. Jianye is a general term for several things. It refers to bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo rafts and rafts, of which bamboo slips are simple and bamboo rafts are rafts. Write the word on bamboo strips or wooden strips called bamboo slips or wood slips; write on wide bamboo or wooden planks called bamboo rafts or rafts. The Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Chong wrote in "Lunheng": "Bamboo was born in the mountains, the wood was longer than the forest, the cut bamboo was simple, and it was ruined. The traces of the ink and ink were written into words." Plus scraping, it's a play." The record is this object.
缣帛 is actually a kind of silk fabric that can cut and sew clothes, and can also write and paint. Compared with shabby, it is soft and sleek, easy to write and roll, not as bulky and messy as bamboo slips. However, the price is too expensive to be popularized.
Cai Lun is a regular ambassador and deputy commander of Hanhe Dishi and is in charge of manufacturing court supplies. "Cai Lun Chuan" records that he was "talented to learn, try his best to be cautious, ... ... Yongyuan nine years (AD 97), supervised the secret sword and various devices, whether Seiko secretive, for future generations." Shows that he has the invention Personal qualities and material conditions for the development of plant fiber papers. He also said that he always “takes a bath, stays behind closed doors, breaks the field,†indicating that he often goes to the private sector to inspect the production experience of ramie, boiled gem, and textiles, and has devoted himself to deepening and accumulating the performance of raw materials and fibers. Awareness. He complied with the needs of society and met the expectations of the public. After a long period of hard work, he finally made writing papers using broken fish nets, old cloth heads, hemp heads, and bark in AD 105 (the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty).
About Cai Lun has invented the history of papermaking, and the three books in the history of the 25th century in China have a clear record: "Since ancient times, many books were written in bamboo slips, and they were used by those who used it. They were expensive and simple. It is not easy for people.Lunneng made sense, using the skin of the tree, the head and the rayon, and the fishing net as the paper.The Yuanxing (Year 105) played on the emperor, and the emperor was good at his ability, so he could not use it anyway. The world salt is called Cai Houzhi.†Other ancient books also documented Cai Lun’s technological methods, such as “Natural Historyâ€: “Cai Lun boils the bark to make paper,†“Cai Lun began to pick up fishnet paper,†and “The Later Han Book Collection.†"Resolution," said: "Cai Lun defeated Gubu network copy paper." The frustration, cooking, squeezing, and banknotes here are equivalent to the current major papermaking processes such as cutting, cooking, beating, and papermaking. "Meaning" and "Ming" have the first invention meaning, indicating that Cai Lun first used rags, fish nets, and stems of bast plants as raw materials to produce plant fiber paper that can be used for writing. The basic principles and major manufacturing processes of Cailun Paper are still shared by the world today.
After inventing paper in 105 AD, papermaking was spread from Henan to other regions where the economy and culture developed. Cai Lun was sealed to Longting Hou in Yang County, Shaanxi Province. Papermaking was spread to the Hanzhong area and gradually spread to Sichuan. According to the folk legend of Caiyang in the hometown of Cai Lun, Cai Lun also taught papermaking to his hometown. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shandong's papermaking industry was relatively developed. It left Zuo Bo, a papermaking expert in Donglai County (now Jing County). In addition, paper and algae ornaments have also been passed through the Silk Road to various northern ethnic areas.
At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, many famous artists in China made great contributions to the development of painting and calligraphy. For example, when Wang Xizhi, the calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, greatly improved his calligraphy and painting in his father and sons. Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties written paper copying paper was made of hemp and suede. The surface of the paper was coated with starch and white mineral paint and polished.
After the reunification of the north and south of the Tang and Song dynasties, Tang and Song inherited and developed the achievements of papermaking for hundreds of years and opened up the heyday of hand-made papermaking in the Tang and Song dynasties: the Tang Dynasty calligraphy and painting and Buddhism flourished, making the demand for paper soaring. Raw materials are expanded to use rattan and mulberry etc. The painting and calligraphy paper is also coated with starch and boiled into a coating and then waxed. Finally, it is polished with coarse cloth or stones. The writing paper is also dyed yellow with a yellow skull to avoid it. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Anhui used bleaching and hemp fiber to make paper, and the raw paper copied was smooth and lustrous, with good durability. During the Southern Song Dynasty, southern China was rich in bamboo paper. Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo and others all liked to use bamboo paper to write papers. They believed that the bamboo paper was bright and bright, and the writing style was bright. At that time, it was followed by many literati and immigrants, which promoted the development of bamboo paper. The Song Dynasty not only produced bamboo paper, but also began to use rice and wheat straw to make paper. The Northern Song Dynasty Su Yi Jian’s “Four Rooms of the Quartet†recorded that Zhejiang people use wheat and rice straw as pulp and cane paper with oil cane.
In the Ming Dynasty, the technique of using bamboo for paper making in China was perfected. In this era, Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations" system described the production process of paper made of bamboo, together with illustrations of production equipment and operation procedures. The book has been translated into Japan, France, and English to Japan and Europe. It is the earliest book written by the Chinese system on papermaking technology. After centuries of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, by the middle of the Qing dynasty, China's handmade papermaking industry had been well developed, advanced in quality, and varied in variety, becoming the material conditions for the Chinese nation's thousands of years of cultural development.
After our country invented papermaking, we first brought the paper book abroad, and then papermaking gradually spread. Paper and papermaking first spread to North Korea, which was linked to our country's mountains and rivers. In 384 AD, the monk Mora Nanda, who was familiar with papermaking in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, sailed across the sea from Shandong to Baekje and brought various books to the King of Baekje and spread paper in North Korea. After the Tang and Song dynasties, the quality of Korean Koryo paper even once exceeded China.
In 610 AD, North Korean monks and sisters crossed the sea to Japan and dedicated the papermaking technique to the Prince of Japan's Prince Regent. Prince Shotoku ordered the promotion of the country. Later, the Japanese people called him the paper god.
The papermaking successor was Arab in 751 AD. That year, Tang defeated Gao Xianzhi in a war with the great Arab countries in the Tanas Town of Central Asia (the former Soviet Union's Kazakh region) and was captured by a group of soldiers of paper craftsmen. The locals organized these prisoners to teach papermaking methods and set up a cotton papermaking factory in Samarkand.
After 751 AD, papermaking gradually spread to Arab and European countries. The order of the papermaking years starting from the collection of literature is roughly: Baghdad, Iraq (793), Damascus, Syria (795 years), Egypt (900 years), Spain (950 or 1150), Morocco (1100), France (1180 or 1189), Italy (1276), Belgium (1320 or 1405), Germany (1320 or 1336), the Netherlands (1323 or 1580), Austria (1356 or 1498), Switzerland (1411 ), United Kingdom (1488 or 1494), Poland (1491), Sweden (1532), Denmark (1540), Hungary (1546), Finland (1560 or 1660), Moscow (1567 or 1576), Norway (1654). In 1575 the Spaniard went to Mexico to build a paper mill and spread papermaking to the Americas. In 1690, the Dutch transferred papermaking to Philadelphia, the United States. It was 1803 years since the United States reached Canada. Papermaking was passed to Indonesia and Australia, which happened only in the late Qing Dynasty.
Although papermaking was invented in China, and our country's papermaking industry is in a leading position in the world for a long historical period, due to the long history of feudal society in our country, the development of manual craftsmanship and application technologies has not risen to the level of mechanized production. For a long time, only simple hydraulic machinery such as mink was used. In the 17th to 18th centuries, the European bourgeois revolution liberated the productive forces, and the subsequent industrial revolution has pushed handmade papermaking to the stage of full mechanization, making the Western paper industry surpass the invention of papermaking in China. Until the founding of the People's Republic of China, China established large-scale state-owned mechanism paper mills in batches, gradually forming a basic self-sufficient papermaking industry system. In particular, since the reform and opening up, China's new paper varieties and production have increased substantially. In 1989, the total output of paper and paperboard has reached 12.645 million tons, ranking fourth in the world in output.
Therefore, the Chinese nation not only has reason to be proud of the invention of papermaking technology, but also has every reason to rejoice in the development of the paper industry in the last 40 years, especially in the past decade. Although there is still a large gap between China's papermaking industry in terms of technical equipment, per capita output, variety, quality, and other advanced international water products, in the near future, China should be able to reinvigorate the state of papermaking invention. It must also be pointed out that there have been suggestions that the Western Han Dynasty had already invented the paper before the Eastern Han Dynasty. Some countries in the world have claimed that the country inventing papermaking technology is not China. These views are unfounded and totally untenable.
Among the above-mentioned early note-taking materials, the most widely used ones are the simple ones, especially the simple ones. Jianye is a general term for several things. It refers to bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo rafts and rafts, of which bamboo slips are simple and bamboo rafts are rafts. Write the word on bamboo strips or wooden strips called bamboo slips or wood slips; write on wide bamboo or wooden planks called bamboo rafts or rafts. The Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Chong wrote in "Lunheng": "Bamboo was born in the mountains, the wood was longer than the forest, the cut bamboo was simple, and it was ruined. The traces of the ink and ink were written into words." Plus scraping, it's a play." The record is this object.
缣帛 is actually a kind of silk fabric that can cut and sew clothes, and can also write and paint. Compared with shabby, it is soft and sleek, easy to write and roll, not as bulky and messy as bamboo slips. However, the price is too expensive to be popularized.
Cai Lun is a regular ambassador and deputy commander of Hanhe Dishi and is in charge of manufacturing court supplies. "Cai Lun Chuan" records that he was "talented to learn, try his best to be cautious, ... ... Yongyuan nine years (AD 97), supervised the secret sword and various devices, whether Seiko secretive, for future generations." Shows that he has the invention Personal qualities and material conditions for the development of plant fiber papers. He also said that he always “takes a bath, stays behind closed doors, breaks the field,†indicating that he often goes to the private sector to inspect the production experience of ramie, boiled gem, and textiles, and has devoted himself to deepening and accumulating the performance of raw materials and fibers. Awareness. He complied with the needs of society and met the expectations of the public. After a long period of hard work, he finally made writing papers using broken fish nets, old cloth heads, hemp heads, and bark in AD 105 (the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty).
About Cai Lun has invented the history of papermaking, and the three books in the history of the 25th century in China have a clear record: "Since ancient times, many books were written in bamboo slips, and they were used by those who used it. They were expensive and simple. It is not easy for people.Lunneng made sense, using the skin of the tree, the head and the rayon, and the fishing net as the paper.The Yuanxing (Year 105) played on the emperor, and the emperor was good at his ability, so he could not use it anyway. The world salt is called Cai Houzhi.†Other ancient books also documented Cai Lun’s technological methods, such as “Natural Historyâ€: “Cai Lun boils the bark to make paper,†“Cai Lun began to pick up fishnet paper,†and “The Later Han Book Collection.†"Resolution," said: "Cai Lun defeated Gubu network copy paper." The frustration, cooking, squeezing, and banknotes here are equivalent to the current major papermaking processes such as cutting, cooking, beating, and papermaking. "Meaning" and "Ming" have the first invention meaning, indicating that Cai Lun first used rags, fish nets, and stems of bast plants as raw materials to produce plant fiber paper that can be used for writing. The basic principles and major manufacturing processes of Cailun Paper are still shared by the world today.
After inventing paper in 105 AD, papermaking was spread from Henan to other regions where the economy and culture developed. Cai Lun was sealed to Longting Hou in Yang County, Shaanxi Province. Papermaking was spread to the Hanzhong area and gradually spread to Sichuan. According to the folk legend of Caiyang in the hometown of Cai Lun, Cai Lun also taught papermaking to his hometown. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shandong's papermaking industry was relatively developed. It left Zuo Bo, a papermaking expert in Donglai County (now Jing County). In addition, paper and algae ornaments have also been passed through the Silk Road to various northern ethnic areas.
At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, many famous artists in China made great contributions to the development of painting and calligraphy. For example, when Wang Xizhi, the calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, greatly improved his calligraphy and painting in his father and sons. Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties written paper copying paper was made of hemp and suede. The surface of the paper was coated with starch and white mineral paint and polished.
After the reunification of the north and south of the Tang and Song dynasties, Tang and Song inherited and developed the achievements of papermaking for hundreds of years and opened up the heyday of hand-made papermaking in the Tang and Song dynasties: the Tang Dynasty calligraphy and painting and Buddhism flourished, making the demand for paper soaring. Raw materials are expanded to use rattan and mulberry etc. The painting and calligraphy paper is also coated with starch and boiled into a coating and then waxed. Finally, it is polished with coarse cloth or stones. The writing paper is also dyed yellow with a yellow skull to avoid it. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Anhui used bleaching and hemp fiber to make paper, and the raw paper copied was smooth and lustrous, with good durability. During the Southern Song Dynasty, southern China was rich in bamboo paper. Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo and others all liked to use bamboo paper to write papers. They believed that the bamboo paper was bright and bright, and the writing style was bright. At that time, it was followed by many literati and immigrants, which promoted the development of bamboo paper. The Song Dynasty not only produced bamboo paper, but also began to use rice and wheat straw to make paper. The Northern Song Dynasty Su Yi Jian’s “Four Rooms of the Quartet†recorded that Zhejiang people use wheat and rice straw as pulp and cane paper with oil cane.
In the Ming Dynasty, the technique of using bamboo for paper making in China was perfected. In this era, Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations" system described the production process of paper made of bamboo, together with illustrations of production equipment and operation procedures. The book has been translated into Japan, France, and English to Japan and Europe. It is the earliest book written by the Chinese system on papermaking technology. After centuries of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, by the middle of the Qing dynasty, China's handmade papermaking industry had been well developed, advanced in quality, and varied in variety, becoming the material conditions for the Chinese nation's thousands of years of cultural development.
After our country invented papermaking, we first brought the paper book abroad, and then papermaking gradually spread. Paper and papermaking first spread to North Korea, which was linked to our country's mountains and rivers. In 384 AD, the monk Mora Nanda, who was familiar with papermaking in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, sailed across the sea from Shandong to Baekje and brought various books to the King of Baekje and spread paper in North Korea. After the Tang and Song dynasties, the quality of Korean Koryo paper even once exceeded China.
In 610 AD, North Korean monks and sisters crossed the sea to Japan and dedicated the papermaking technique to the Prince of Japan's Prince Regent. Prince Shotoku ordered the promotion of the country. Later, the Japanese people called him the paper god.
The papermaking successor was Arab in 751 AD. That year, Tang defeated Gao Xianzhi in a war with the great Arab countries in the Tanas Town of Central Asia (the former Soviet Union's Kazakh region) and was captured by a group of soldiers of paper craftsmen. The locals organized these prisoners to teach papermaking methods and set up a cotton papermaking factory in Samarkand.
After 751 AD, papermaking gradually spread to Arab and European countries. The order of the papermaking years starting from the collection of literature is roughly: Baghdad, Iraq (793), Damascus, Syria (795 years), Egypt (900 years), Spain (950 or 1150), Morocco (1100), France (1180 or 1189), Italy (1276), Belgium (1320 or 1405), Germany (1320 or 1336), the Netherlands (1323 or 1580), Austria (1356 or 1498), Switzerland (1411 ), United Kingdom (1488 or 1494), Poland (1491), Sweden (1532), Denmark (1540), Hungary (1546), Finland (1560 or 1660), Moscow (1567 or 1576), Norway (1654). In 1575 the Spaniard went to Mexico to build a paper mill and spread papermaking to the Americas. In 1690, the Dutch transferred papermaking to Philadelphia, the United States. It was 1803 years since the United States reached Canada. Papermaking was passed to Indonesia and Australia, which happened only in the late Qing Dynasty.
Although papermaking was invented in China, and our country's papermaking industry is in a leading position in the world for a long historical period, due to the long history of feudal society in our country, the development of manual craftsmanship and application technologies has not risen to the level of mechanized production. For a long time, only simple hydraulic machinery such as mink was used. In the 17th to 18th centuries, the European bourgeois revolution liberated the productive forces, and the subsequent industrial revolution has pushed handmade papermaking to the stage of full mechanization, making the Western paper industry surpass the invention of papermaking in China. Until the founding of the People's Republic of China, China established large-scale state-owned mechanism paper mills in batches, gradually forming a basic self-sufficient papermaking industry system. In particular, since the reform and opening up, China's new paper varieties and production have increased substantially. In 1989, the total output of paper and paperboard has reached 12.645 million tons, ranking fourth in the world in output.
Therefore, the Chinese nation not only has reason to be proud of the invention of papermaking technology, but also has every reason to rejoice in the development of the paper industry in the last 40 years, especially in the past decade. Although there is still a large gap between China's papermaking industry in terms of technical equipment, per capita output, variety, quality, and other advanced international water products, in the near future, China should be able to reinvigorate the state of papermaking invention. It must also be pointed out that there have been suggestions that the Western Han Dynasty had already invented the paper before the Eastern Han Dynasty. Some countries in the world have claimed that the country inventing papermaking technology is not China. These views are unfounded and totally untenable.
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