The material is the quality of the wood. The measurement of the quality of wood in traditional furniture is an important part of the study of ancient furniture culture. The traditional antique furniture production technology pays attention to "three parts of the three parts to do." That is to say, 30% of the production technology is expressed in the use of materials, and 70% is in the fine workmanship. Therefore, research and exploration of the connotation of furniture culture is also necessary for material research.
The use of Chinese ancient furniture materials, there are two cases. First, the economic and cultural advantages of the official business literati, the use of high-grade valuable wood, rosewood, rosewood, rosewood and other wood. Second, the people's economy and life are difficult, generally based on the common wood used in the local environment. However, commonly used wood materials also have superior materials and general materials.
What kind of wood is expensive for furniture? The lack of it is expensive. Ask what wood is good, what wood is good, and all have bad. This naturally involves the research and application of materials.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Shanxi “Jin Merchants†and bureaucrats, as well as the furniture used in the Buddhist environment, or the furniture that was circulated in the folk, the production style is rich and colorful.
The craftsmen of Shanxi have produced a large number of high-end brand ancient furniture with exquisite materials and blending Chinese and southern treasures with superb craftsmanship. Studying this furniture culture can better promote the development and technological innovation of the Chinese ancient furniture industry.
First, the characteristics of Shanxi Ming Dynasty furniture
The characteristics of Shanxi Ming Dynasty furniture: high-end furniture represented by the “Jin Merchantâ€. The material specification is solemn; the shape is simple and simple; the line shape is smooth and the atmosphere; the tooth plate carving is pointy and sparse.
1. Standard and solemn. Historically, Shanxi has occupied a superior position in ancient architecture, which naturally influenced and promoted the development of the furniture industry. Because, the furniture specification: manifested in a set of traditional production techniques taught by oral tradition. It has the characteristics and status of the region in the country. The solemnity of the furniture: the performance is stable and heavy in terms of the scale of the materials and the proportion of the furniture. One of the examples is the ancient furniture, the coffin and the walnut wood furniture of the Shanxi merchant "Caojia Courtyard".
2, concise and simple atmosphere. Concise: The shape and structure of the furniture is just right, as simple as an art painting, and the materials used in the leg crotch fabric are not much more. The simplicity is: in the wide and wide, there is a real and imposing artistic flavor in the ancient architecture; the atmosphere of the furniture: the performance of the line is good, and some furniture is very good in the line decoration of the noodles and sub-surfaces. Stretching smoothly.
3, the dental plate carvings point to the sparse. It is expressed in the furniture carving pattern. First, there is a simple hard drum pattern: some places in Shanxi are called back lines; some places are called kick patterns. It is often displayed in the vertical (book) cabinet and the cabinet under the cabinet. Second, there is a simple soft drum pattern: there is a wishful pattern, there are red tiger head grass tail lines, and more appear on the table and chair's dental board.
Second, Shanxi Ming Dynasty furniture materials
Shanxi Ming Dynasty furniture materials, the common: "one 榆 two æ§ three walnuts, Liu Mu furniture commonly used materials."
Willow. The pliable can be used for carving, or cabinet making, highlighting the varnishing of the painter's gold-plated cabinet.
Elm, elm. Hard wood. Its material durability is good, and it is mostly used in the production of tables and chairs. Because the woodworking skills are: "Good doors can be used for forty years, good cabinets can be placed for three hundred years, movable tables and chairs are not good, and hardwoods have to be tightly sheathed." This is the superiority of the use of eucalyptus and eucalyptus wood. . Later, due to the hard work of the eucalyptus wood, it was less expensive to work as a furniture. There is a saying that "dry squid willows, woodworkers have seen hiding."
Walnut wood. The wood is soft and delicate, and the furniture is made to have a full, soft and calm feeling. It is often used in all kinds of high-end furniture.
Third, the material characteristics of Shanxi walnut wood furniture
The weight of the wood is moderate, the hardness is moderate, the wood fiber is evenly sized, and the strength can meet the stress condition of the furniture, and the variability is small.
This kind of wooden furniture is precious as a craftsman, and it is a valuable collection of valuable furniture. In particular, there are many walnut furniture in Shanxi “Jin Shang†in the Ming Dynasty. The various styles also show the wood beauty of walnut wood, solemn and plump value.
As an economic tree species, walnut wood grows in various regions of the country, and is abundant in North China and Central China. Shanxi's Zuoquan, Zhangzhou, Jixian, Pingyao and other mountainous areas are abundant.
Walnut wood has always been a scarce wood. The furniture produced is very precious. It is entirely based on the wood-made furniture, which has its superior material characteristics in terms of form, structure, material, line shape or carving technique. It is very suitable for the selection of materials and workmanship to make furniture. It can reach the finest quality and achieve the upper grade, ensuring the effect of use and beauty. This kind of furniture is mostly fine. Naturally, people will always be protected in daily use.
Fourth, walnuts have many characteristics of rosewood
Walnut wood is medium in size and lighter than rosewood. However, the strength is high, the quality is fine and well-proportioned, and the wooden structure is not only suitable for hand-over, but also good for carving and carving. Suitable for the production of various kinds of furniture, the furniture made of walnut wood is not painted, it will turn dark brown after a long time, sometimes the old walnut furniture and the walnut furniture after painting, without comparing the weight, Its texture is very similar to rosewood.
Therefore, walnut wood furniture, folk and popularly known as fake rosewood furniture. It is a good material called "Golden Folk Furniture" in history, and it is also a scarce wood. First, the fruit of the tree itself, the value of the walnut is high, and people do not arbitrarily cut down. Second, with the construction of the ecological environment, walnuts were used as scarce wood in the early days, and “the lack of people is expensiveâ€. At present, in the sustainable development strategy, walnuts are planned to become economic forests and are not allowed to be cut down. Therefore, this wood began to be more scarce and precious.
Walnut wood is called fake rosewood, which makes sense. Its wood color, heartwood, middle material, sapwood are not much different, light dark brown, hard wood, and luster of wood oil. The furniture made is soft, natural, smooth and full-bodied. Because the wood of walnut is good, the wood texture of walnut wood and rosewood have many similar aspects, and the texture of wood cutting board and string cutting board are basically similar. Especially after painting or oiling, the texture is naturally full.
5. Walnut wood is suitable for the production and engraving of furniture.
Made furniture. Walnut wood is very well-balanced. Its wooden tube holes also contain dark deposits of gum and grease. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production of walnut wood furniture in the north was very popular. In addition, the light coloring and rubbing oil were used to make the wood ripple and luster of the furniture similar to that of rosewood, giving a solemn and full natural feeling.
Carved furniture. In the Qing Dynasty, from the folk merchants and riches, to the Buddhist temples and high-ranking courts. Beijing Palace Museum, Jinzhong Caojia Courtyard "San Duo Tang", Qi County Qiao Family Courtyard, etc., there are many carved wood furniture represented by walnut.
Sixth, walnut wood quality is suitable for the structural strength of furniture
The first is the corner joint of the furniture leg and the table top. The waist is straight and the two sides are thick and the structure is very strict. The small amount adopts the three-faced corner structure of the leg, the table and the side, and the texture of the walnut is smooth. Very suitable for planing. There are also less furniture structures with mud and mud on the legs and legs, or legs and legs, and the structure of the straight legs, such as pulling the squats and loading the slabs. This kind of wood can fully satisfy the craftsman's strength.
The second is the pedestal structure of the furniture legs and the kneading, the sub-surface, the various lines of the horizontal and vertical leg squats (4 points, 5 points, 7 points of the edge of the leg squat). The wood can be full and flexible. The effect is unique.
Walnut wood has made many good furniture in history, especially the drawers, the backrests of the chairs, and the wall panels of the bed barriers, making the brand of this furniture more famous.
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