Since 2005, we have carried out special investigations on forestry reform and forest management in more than 30 counties (bureaus) in the provinces of Xing'anling and Changbai Mountains, Fujian, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Guangdong, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. He has made awareness and suggestions on strengthening the management of forest science in China.
I. The status of forest management in China
Over the past 50 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially in the 30 years since the reform, forestry and ecological construction have achieved remarkable achievements. However, we should also clearly see that there are still some deep-seated contradictions and problems in the forestry work. In the face of new demands put forward by the state and society, the situation is still very serious. For a long time, forestry has mainly focused on afforestation and forest harvesting. The forestry production process has the longest, the most abundant content, and the scientific management with the highest scientific and technological content has not received much attention. Forest management has become the weakest link in China's forestry.
Long-term neglect of forest science management has brought serious consequences: First, the forest quality is low, the average unit area of ​​the country stands 84.73 cubic meters / hectare, which is 74% of the world average, and the world's advanced forestry countries, such as Germany 268 cubic meters / hectare, Austria 295 cubic meters / hectare, Hungary 380 cubic meters / hectare. Poor water and heat conditions, the vast Russian forests operating more than 100 cubic meters per hectare. China's plantation forests have a lower unit area, only 46.59 cubic meters / hectare. Second, forest pests and diseases are serious, and the ability to resist natural disasters is low, which affects the function of forest ecological functions. Due to poor forest management, plantation trees are single, and tending management can't keep up. The annual forest pests and diseases occur in an area of ​​110 million mu, and the forest growth is reduced by 17 million cubic meters due to forest pests and diseases. This year, China suffered from snow and ice disasters. Due to poor forest management, forest damage was heavy. The most striking feature is that the coniferous forest is more serious than the broad-leaved forest, the plantation forest is more serious than the natural forest, the pure forest is more serious than the mixed forest, the exotic tree species is more serious than the native tree species, and the uncultivated forest is more serious than the tending forest. Third, the total amount of forest resources available is insufficient, and the reserve forest resources are scarce. It cannot meet the domestic demand for wood and forest products. The current annual gap is 200 million cubic meters. The gap in the 11th Five-Year Plan will reach 300 million cubic meters. Import timber with a large amount of foreign exchange. Fourth, the situation of forest resources protection is serious.
The reasons why China's forest management work has not been in place for a long time: First, before the reform and opening up, due to the impact of the country's economic development level, the country needs wood for construction. At that time, there was no condition to import timber, which was actually a period of large-scale timber production. Second, since the reform and opening up, it has mainly been the deviation of guiding ideology and the misunderstanding of understanding. It is eager to seek success, quick success, reforestation, light nurturing; heavy quantity, light quality; heavy ecology, light industry. Third, the forestry reform is lagging behind. The state-owned forests and collective forests all have forest management entities that are not clear, and the rights and interests are distorted. Fourth, there is a shortage of forest management technical talents. So far, no scientific forest management indicator system and technical system have been formed. Fifth, forestry laws, regulations, and administrative systems are not perfect, such as the system of forest harvesting quotas, the implementation system of forest management programs, and the tax and fee system that harms the interests of forest managers.
In the past few years, we have been worried about the current situation of China's forest management, but we also see hope from the typical example of achieving remarkable results in forest science management. For example, the Xiaoyanshan Forestry Experimental Bureau of Gansu Province is located at the western end of the Qinling Mountains. It was established in 1962. The comprehensive cultivation of secondary forests was carried out systematically. By 1998, the forest coverage rate increased from 44.8% to 54.6%. The total stock of standing timber was 25.89 million cubic meters increased to 27.71 million cubic meters, providing the country with 3.425 million cubic meters of wood, and the quality of forests has improved significantly. Inner Mongolia Honghuaerji Forestry Bureau established a forest management office in 1955. In the same year, only 8966 hectares of pure forest of Pinus sylvestris were preserved, with a volume of 250,000 cubic meters. For decades, with the creation and tending as the main means, the development of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica has formed a forest area of ​​200,000 hectares, with a volume of 22.24 million cubic meters, of which 100,000 hectares of pine forest and a population of 12.48 million cubic meters. Meter. The average annual growth of pine forest in the middle-aged forest is 124.8 cubic meters, and the growth prospect is very good. Jilin Wangqing Forestry Bureau began to implement the practice of breeding and taking care as early as 1959, and strived to use the process of harvesting and using forests as a process of cultivating forests. By the end of 2004, the overall realization of "three 30 million", namely: the forest stocks when the bureau was built 32 million cubic meters, so far the total harvesting consumption of 36 million cubic meters, there are still forest reserves of 38.91 million cubic meters. Basically, I found a way that the green hills are always used and used forever. Guangdong Leizhou Forestry Bureau, with a total operating area of ​​47,000 hectares. Strengthen the management of artificial eucalyptus forests, implement small-scale intensive management, and increase the productivity of forest land. The average annual growth of the whole forest reached 1.55 cubic meters per mu in 2007, an increase of 0.57 cubic meters per mu from 1995. These examples tell us that as long as we persist in forestry-based management and strengthen forest science management, it is entirely possible to improve the quality of China's forest resources.
Second, strengthen the basic concept of forest science management
Scientific forest management is an act involving administrative, economic, legal, social, technological, and technological means involving natural forests and plantations. It is a planned human intervention to protect and maintain the various functions of the forest ecosystem. At the same time, through the development of species with social, environmental and economic value, to meet the needs of human beings' growing material and environment for a long time. Strengthening forest management is the most important responsibility of forestry authorities at all levels. Doing a good job in forest management is the most important job of forest management. Whether it is from ecological needs or demand for forest products, whether it is ecological public welfare forest or commercial forest, it is necessary to strengthen forest science management, improve forest quality, and enhance forest multi-functionality and multi-efficiency.
Sheng Shi Xinglin, the current situation facing forestry work has undergone fundamental changes. In the 30 years of reform and opening up, China's economic and social development has been unprecedented. The state is able to invest more funds in forestry and the time for strengthening forest science management is basically mature. In the full implementation of the spirit of the 17th Party Congress, forestry work should be guided by the scientific concept of development, promote forest management, and put forestry in the overall situation of national infrastructure. China's Yilin land resources are very limited. The expansion of forest resources by relying on the expansion of forest area is extremely limited. It can only improve the growth of forest land mainly by strengthening forest science management, and the potential is huge. Therefore, it is necessary to shift from simple forest area expansion to expanding forest area and improving forest quality, comprehensively improve China's forest management level, increase forest resources, and develop forestry industry. This is the right choice for developing forestry quickly and easily. In this way, it can fully utilize the forest ecological function and meet the domestic timber demand; it can fully exert the forestland productivity without competing with agriculture and animal husbandry. Moreover, forest management can also provide a large number of labor positions, increase employment and expand domestic demand.
The long-term practice of forest management at home and abroad has proved that forest science management should be supported by two major technical systems: forest cultivation and forest managers. Forest cultivation focuses on improved breeding, forest construction, young forest nurturing and natural secondary forest cultivation techniques; forest managers are organizing forest management, with a focus on resource surveys, zoning, business planning and management programs (including forest structure optimization, Harvest harvest adjustment, harvest estimation, etc.; the combination of the two constitutes a complete forest management technology system. In the actual production of forestry, it is mainly reflected in the application of the forest management technology system by the forest management mains, the preparation of a scientific forest management plan, and the realization of forest management objectives through the implementation of the plan. All forestry developed countries in the world attach great importance to the forest management plan. For example, the Swedish Forest Law clearly stipulates that the forest resources inventory should be conducted every ten years in the country, and each forest class should be specifically planned and designed to establish a complete forest resource archive. Both state-owned and private forest owners must follow the planning and design. Management. The "Forest Law" revised by Japan in 1936 stipulates that the implementation of the supervision system for the implementation of the national forest management system, the forest owner or the operator must prepare a practice case and report it to the local chief executive for approval. The Australian Forestry Management Department conducts an annual audit of the implementation of the forest programme. Finland is 50% of the cost of state-funded forest management programmes. Norway established the “Forest Trust Fund†to support the preparation of forest management programmes. Hungary has a special person to supervise the implementation of the forest management plan.
Forest science management must run through the entire process of forestry production. Through the various practical measures, the quality of China's forest resources can reach the world average level, or close to the international advanced level. According to China's forest resource development planning goal: by 2020, the forest coverage rate will reach more than 23%. If the forest unit area is increased to the world average of 100 cubic meters per hectare, the total forest volume can exceed 20 billion cubic meters; by 2050 The forest coverage rate is over 26%, the forest area is 40% higher than the present, and the forest unit area can reach 160 cubic meters per hectare (slightly higher than Japan). The total forest volume is 40 billion cubic meters, which is more than the current total forest volume. It has grown more than threefold. According to China's population development strategy, the total population in the middle of this century is controlled at 1.5 billion, and the per capita forest stock can be stabilized at 26 cubic meters, which is three times higher than the current level. The annual total amount of forest harvesting and utilization can reach more than 1 billion cubic meters, which can basically meet the domestic timber demand.
Third, the main recommendations to strengthen forest management
(1) Speed ​​up the reform of state-owned forest areas. It is suggested that the relevant state departments take the lead in formulating reform plans for state-owned forest systems and mechanisms, and take active measures to promote them steadily. At the same time, it will strengthen forest management and revitalize the Northeast old forest industrial base as an important part of the country's revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China. Clarify the responsibilities of relevant state departments and localities, strengthen organization and coordination, study and formulate relevant policies for revitalizing the old forestry bases, implement various measures, and promote revitalization.
(2) Pay close attention to the reform of forest harvesting management and other systems. The management of forest harvesting quotas for forest tending and forestry transformation should not become the bottleneck of forest tending and low-cost forest transformation. It should be carried out from the principle of “three advantages†that are conducive to forest cultivation, beneficial to the main body of management, and conducive to the protection of forest resources. perfect. Where the forest management plan is prepared according to the requirements of the regulations, the reasonable annual harvest volume confirmed in the plan shall be included in the management of the forest harvesting quota. In addition, the current regulations, norms, standards and management methods are not conducive to strengthening forest management work, and should be cleaned up, revised and improved.
(3) Extending the period of natural forest protection projects. China's natural forest resources play a particularly important role in national ecological security and people's production and life. Natural forest protection and cultivation work must be unswervingly adhered to, with the focus on strengthening forest cultivation; secondly, supporting management system innovation and operational mechanism innovation. The construction period of natural forest protection project will expire in 2010. The protection, cultivation and restoration of natural forest cannot be achieved in 10 years. It is a long-term strategic project. It is recommended to implement natural forest protection and cultivation of natural forest projects for 10 to 20 years, and increase national support. In the implementation of the project, most of the project funds are used for forest tending, low-yield forest reconstruction and forest protection, etc., to improve the quantity and quality of forest resources in the project area, thereby enhancing the overall function of the natural forest ecosystem.
(4) It is recommended that the state initiate forest management projects. It is recommended that the state initiate forest science management projects, and implement the national forest management project planning, focusing on forest tending measures. Forest management projects can be decomposed into forest tending projects, large-diameter timber cultivation projects, precious tree species cultivation projects, and low-cost forest reconstruction projects. At present, we must promptly pilot the demonstration project, establish a forest management project management system based on the county (bureau, field), and formulate forest management types by county (bureau, field) as the unit, and each forest management entity prepares a forest management plan, which is implemented according to the plan. . After the pilot, sum up experience, demonstration and promotion.
(5) Establishing a support policy for forest tending management and setting up special funds for forest tending. There must be a long-term mechanism for investment in forest raising funds. Forestry production is an industry with long cycle, low efficiency and high risk, but it is also an indispensable cause for people's ecological needs and economic construction. It is necessary to plant grain with farmers' agricultural subsidies. It is treated like subsidies for raising pigs. It is recommended that the state set up a central financial forestry subsidy fund, which will focus on encouraging forest rearing, promoting forestry production and increasing income of forest farmers, and ensuring ecological security and timber safety. The forest raising funds of the public welfare forests shall be solved by the state opening special funds for public welfare forest management; the forest tending of commercial forests may be paid through special financial treatment, prepaid or special working capital, or from special discount loans.
(6) Improve the organization and streamline functions. The forestry authorities at the national and local levels shall establish forest management institutions, and establish a coordinated and orderly forest management system and a strong supervision and restraint mechanism. Now the functional organization of the State Forestry Administration has decided to set up a forest management leading group led by the leadership of the bureau, responsible for coordinating the functional departments to strengthen the forest management work, step by step, increase efforts, and guide the national forest management. At the same time, the forest management expert advisory group was set up to scientifically guide the forest management work effectively. Clearly define the responsibilities of forestry administrative agencies and forest management units so that grassroots forestry business units can independently exercise their responsibilities.
Actively promoting the importance of strengthening forest management is an important task for forestry authorities at all levels. The connotation of forest management is very rich. The concept of “management†here includes planning and planning of all forest resources such as forest land and forest trees. Man-made governance according to natural laws and economic laws, achieving the goals of forest ecology, forest harvesting and economic benefits. . Through propaganda, improve the society's awareness of forest management, clarify and correct all kinds of misunderstandings in forest management work, and change some of them to think that forestry is simply “digging trees, cutting trees†and “protecting, It is forbidden to cut trees, and even blur the understanding of cultivation and harvesting.
(7) Improve laws and regulations on forest management. With the expiration of the implementation of several major forestry key projects such as natural forest protection and the reform of the forestry property rights system, forestry will face a new transition period, and the forestry business model will also change. The new forestry management mechanism needs legal support, otherwise the management and management of forest resources cannot be on the right track. In China's current forestry legal system, the laws and regulations related to forest management are still not perfect. The Forest Law has too strict a rule on forest management and lacks maneuverability. Further modifications to the Forest Law are recommended. At the same time, many countries, such as the United States, Japan, and Finland, have developed the "State-owned Forest Management Law" and "Private Forest Management Law" experience, and set out to develop China's "forest management law." The law stipulates various forms of forest management, including the main body and object of forest management, the acquisition and restriction of management rights, the basic guidelines for forest management, the preparation and implementation of forest management plans and forest management plans, the relationship between forest management and various aspects, forests. The guarantee of operational effects, forest management risk management and so on. Legislation has a process that can be clarified first in the form of regulations or departmental regulations. It is unrealistic to the past and is not conducive to strengthening the rules and regulations of the forest management and the regulations and regulations. Only forest management has laws and regulations, and there are rules to follow. The liberation and development of forestry productivity can be effectively guaranteed.
(8) Accelerate the cultivation of forest management talents. Achieving scientific forest management is an urgent task for forestry at present, and it is also a long-term and arduous historical task. It is necessary to coordinate the forest management work with the scientific development concept. Forest management must be "people-oriented", emphasizing human subjectivity and participation. It can only be achieved on the basis of continuous improvement in science and technology education and the quality of talents. It is recommended that forest management talents be included in the national talent team planning, medium and high agricultural and forestry colleges to expand enrollment plans, and strengthen the knowledge update of forestry technicians. Encourage graduates of colleges and technical secondary schools to work in the forest area, and treat them according to the treatment and protection level of talents working in the western region.
(9) Strengthening scientific and technological innovation and doing a good job in the basic work of forest management. To strengthen forest management, we must first strengthen the basic work closely related to forest management. Including forest surveys, forest management plan preparation, forest management index system, and forest management technology system, it is necessary to increase investment and implement them one by one. It is necessary to increase support and support for the basic disciplines of forestry, and improve and enrich the knowledge system of forest cultivation and forest managers. It is recommended that the state increase its investment in scientific research on forest management. In the national and departmental research plans, a large research project focusing on forest management will be established to construct a forest management theory and technical system with Chinese characteristics, and improve science and technology. The support capacity of forest management.
(10) Strengthen the construction of infrastructure in forest areas. The current roads, staff housing and public infrastructure in the forest area are not commensurate with modern forestry, and there are many lags behind other basic industries. The road density in the forest area is too low, which is not conducive to forest fire prevention, and is not conducive to forest management activities. The production and living infrastructure of forest workers has not made much progress in the past few decades, which is not conducive to the "living and happy life". The construction of a new socialist countryside and the new forest area are all requirements of the times, reflecting social progress and also an indispensable part of strengthening forest management. It is recommended that the state support the construction of roads, staff houses, and public infrastructure in forest areas and forest farms in accordance with the standards of industrial bases and new rural construction, and provide guarantees for forest science operations.
(The author Liu Yuhe is the former deputy director of the Forestry Department and the vice president of the China Association of Old Science and Technology. The author Lin Jin is the former inspector of the Resources Department of the State Forestry Administration. The participants also participated in the survey: Zhang Jiurong, Song Yi, Li Yuzhen, Qiu Fengyang, Xu Yuru, Dong Ruo. brick)
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