Inorganic analytical reagents (Inorganic analytical reagents) are commonly used inorganic chemicals for chemical analysis. Its purity is higher than industrial products and less impurities.
Organic reagents for organic analysis (Organic reagents for inorganic analysis) is a special organic compound used for the determination, separation and enrichment of elements in the analysis of inorganic substances, such as a precipitant, extractant, chelating agent and indicator, etc. General solvents, organic acids and organic bases. These organic reagents must have good sensitivity and selectivity. With the development of analytical chemistry and chemical industry, such reagents with better sensitivity and selectivity will be developed, such as those that have complexing ability for some metals (such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals) and ammonium ions since 1967. This is the case with Crown ether compounds.
Standard reagents (Primary standards) are compounds with high purity, few impurities, good stability and constant chemical composition. In the reference reagent, there are classifications such as volume analysis, pH measurement, calorific value measurement and so on. In each category, there is a first benchmark and a working benchmark. All the first benchmarks must be verified by the National Academy of Metrology, and production units use the first benchmark as the measurement standard for work benchmark products. At present, the standard reagents for commercial operations mainly refer to the volume analysis work standards in the volume analysis category [content range is 99.95% ~ 100.05% (weight titration)]. Generally used to calibrate titrants.
Standard substance (Standard substance) is a chemical substance used for comparison in chemical analysis and instrument analysis, or a chemical used for calibrating instruments. Its chemical composition, content, physicochemical properties and impurities contained must be known and meet the regulations or be recognized.
Micro-analytical reagent (Micro-analytical reagent) is suitable for reagents for micro-analysis of the measured substance with a permissible amount of only a constant one percent (weight about 1 ~ 15 mg, volume about 0.01 ~ 2 ml) .
Organic analytical standards Organic analytical standards are chemical reagents used for comparison when determining the composition and structure of organic compounds. Its composition must be precisely known. It can also be used for microanalysis.
Pesticide analytical standards (Pesticide analytical standards) are suitable for gas chromatography analysis of pesticides or determination of pesticide residues for comparison. Its content requires precision. There are solutions prepared from trace amounts of single pesticides and mixed solutions prepared from multiple pesticides.
Refractive index liquid Refractive index liquid (Refractive index liquid) is a high-purity stable liquid whose refractive index is known, and is used to determine the refractive index of crystalline materials and minerals. The refractive index is marked on the outside of each package.
The equivalent solution (Normal solution) is an aqueous solution containing one gram of equivalent solute in one liter of solution, that is, a solution with a concentration of 1N. Indicator
Indicator (Indicator) is a substance that can change its color by the influence of the presence of certain substances. It is mainly used to indicate the end point of titration in volume analysis. Generally can be divided into acid-base indicator, redox indicator, adsorption indicator and so on. In addition to analysis, indicators can also be used to detect the presence of certain harmful toxic substances in gases or solutions.
Test paper is a small piece of dry paper soaked with an indicator or reagent solution. It is used to test for the presence of certain compounds, elements, or ions in the solution. It is also used for medical diagnosis.
Instrumental analysis reagents
Instrumental analytical reagents are reagents used in the process of sample analysis using special instruments designed according to physical, chemical or physical-chemical principles. Atomic absorption spectroscopy standard
Atomic absorption spectroscopy standards (Atomic absorption spectroscopy standards) are reagents used as standards when analyzing samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy.
For chromatography reagents for chromatography refer to reagents and materials used in analytical methods such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, etc., including stationary solutions, supports, solvents and the like.
For electron microscopy (For electron microscopy) reagents are reagents such as fixatives, embedding agents, stains, etc. used in research work using electron microscopes in the fields of biology and medicine.
Solvent for NMR spectroscopy (Solvent for NMR spectroscopy) is mainly a deuterated solvent (also known as heavy hydrogen reagent or deuterated reagent), which is a solvent in which the hydrogen in the organic solvent structure is replaced by deuterium (heavy hydrogen) . In NMR analysis, the deuterated solvent may not show peaks, and the analysis of the hydrogen spectrum of the sample does not cause interference.
For polarography (For polarography) reagents refer to the reagents required for quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis by polarography.
Spectral pure Spectrography reagents usually refer to reagents with higher purity that have been analyzed by emission spectrometry.
Spectrophotometric pure (Spectrophotometric pure) reagent refers to the solution used in spectrophotometric analysis, which has a certain wavelength transmittance and is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Biochemical reagent (Biochemical reagent) refers to biological materials or organic compounds related to life science research, as well as reagents for clinical diagnosis and medical research. Due to the wide range of life sciences and rapid development, there are many varieties and complex properties of these reagents.
Alkaloid
Alkaloid (Alkaloid) is a type of nitrogen-containing organic compounds that exist in nature (generally refers to plants, but some also exist in animals). It has a quasi-alkaline property, so it was also called pseudoneine in the past. Most alkaloids have complex ring structures, and nitrogen is mostly included in the ring and has optical activity. But there are a few exceptions to alkaloids. For example, ephedrine is an organic amine derivative, and the nitrogen atom is not in the ring; although caffeine is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative, the basicity is very weak, or basically not basic; colchicine is almost completely not basic, nitrogen The atom is not inside the ring ... etc. Because they are all derived from plant nitrogen-containing organic compounds and have obvious biological activity, they are still included in the scope of alkaloids. Some organic compounds derived from natural nitrogen, such as certain vitamins, amino acids, and peptides, are not customarily classified as "alkaloids", so the term "alkaloids" has not yet been strictly and precisely defined There are many known types of alkaloids, about 2,000 or more, and some structural formulas have not been completely determined. Their structures are more complex and can be divided into 59 types. With the discovery of new alkaloids, the classification will also follow And updated. Because there are many types of alkaloids, each with different structural formulas, their properties will be different from each other. But alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds, there are always similar properties, such as:
1) Morphology: Most alkaloids are crystalline solids; some are non-crystalline powders; and a few are liquids at room temperature, such as Nicotine, Coniine, etc.
2) Color: generally colorless. Only a few are colored, such as Berberine, Magnoflorine, Serpentine, etc. are all yellow.
3) Taste: Regardless of the alkaloid itself or its salts, it has a bitter taste, some of which are extremely bitter and spicy, and some irritate the lips and tongue.
4) Acid-base reaction: Most of them are alkaline reactions. But there are also neutral reactions, such as colchicine; there are also acid reactions, such as theophylline and cocoa butadiene; there are also sex reactions, such as morphine (Morphine) and arecaine (Arecaadine).
5) Solubility: Most alkaloids are almost insoluble or hardly soluble in water. Soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, ether, alcohol, acetone, benzene, etc. It can also be dissolved in dilute acid aqueous solution to form salts. Most alkaloid salts are soluble in water. But there are many exceptions, such as ephedrine (Ephedrine) is soluble in water, but also soluble in organic solvents. Another example is nicotine, ergonovine (Ergonovine), etc. also have greater solubility in water.
6) Optical rotation: Most alkaloids contain asymmetric carbon atoms, which are optically active, and most are left-handed. There are only a few alkaloids, and there are no asymmetric carbon atoms in the molecule. For example, Narceine has no optical rotation. There are also a few alkaloids, such as nicotine, berberine (Hydrastine), etc., which show left-handedness in neutral solutions and become dextral in acidic solutions.
7) Volatility: Most of the alkaloids are non-volatile at normal pressure. Direct heating melts first and then decomposes; it may melt and decompose at the same time. Only under high vacuum can there be sublimation due to heating. But there are some exceptions, such as ephedrine, which is also volatile under normal pressure; caffeine is heated to 180 at normal pressure. Above C, it is sublimation without decomposition. Alkaloids are mostly used for medical treatment and research. A few varieties are used for analysis [such as determination of nitrate by Brucine] or as comparative samples.
Alkaloids are generally more stable in nature and require no special storage for storage except for protection from light.
Amino acid
Amino acid is an organic compound with an amino group (―NH2) and a carboxyl group (―COOH) in its molecular structure. The general formula is H2NRCOOH. ω δ γ β α
According to the position of the amino group connected to the carbon atom in the carboxylic acid, it can be divided into α, β, γ, δ ... amino acids (C ... C-C-C-C-COOH).
Alpha-amino acids are the basic units that make up proteins. After the protein is hydrolyzed, more than 20 kinds of α-amino acids are produced, such as glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and so on. Depending on its binding group. Can be divided into aliphatic amino acids, aromatic amino acids, heterocyclic amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, iodine-containing amino acids, etc.,
Its physical and chemical properties are roughly:
1) All are colorless crystals. Melting point is about 230. Above C, most of them do not have exact melting points. They decompose and release CO2 when they are melted; they can be dissolved in strong acid and strong alkaline solutions, except cystine, tyrosine, and diiodothyroxine, they are soluble in water; Except for acid and hydroxyproline, they are insoluble in ethanol and ether.
2) Basic [dibasic amino monocarboxylic acid, such as lysine]; acid [monobasic amino dicarboxylic acid, such as glutamic acid]; neutral [monobasic amino monocarboxylic acid, For example, alanine (Alanine)] three types. Most amino acids showed varying degrees of acidity or basicity, and were less neutral. Therefore, it can be combined with acid to form salt, or with alkali to form salt.
3) Due to the asymmetric carbon atoms, it is optically active. At the same time, due to the different arrangement of the space, there are two configurations: D-type and L-type. The amino acids that make up the protein are all L-type.
Since amino acids used to be derived from protein hydrolysis (mostly artificially synthesized now), and the amino acids obtained by protein hydrolysis are all α-amino acids, amino acids usually refer to α-amino acids in biochemical research. As for the amino acids such as β, γ, δ ... ω, etc., they are used less in biochemical research, and most of them are used in organic synthesis, petrochemical industry, medical treatment, etc. There are many varieties of amino acids and their derivatives, most of which are stable in nature, and should be stored in a dry place and protected from light.
Antibiotic
Antibiotic (Antibiotic), also known as antibiotics, is the product of the life metabolic activities of various organisms (plants, animals and microorganisms, especially soil microorganisms). It can selectively inhibit other microorganisms, viruses and tissues at low concentrations. Cell performance. At present, antibiotics have been developed to more than 2,000, but not many are widely used in practice. Antibiotics have different chemical structures and different properties. According to their chemical structures, they can be divided into 32 categories, such as peptides, nucleosides, proteins, macrocyclics, polycyclic macrolides and so on.
At present, the research and application of antibiotics are expanding.
Cyclolactone and so on.
At present, the research and application of antibiotics are expanding. In medicine, it can prevent and control various infectious diseases; in animal husbandry, it can prevent and control diseases of poultry and animals, promote the development of young birds and beasts, save feed and increase meat output; ; It can be used as a preservative for fish, meat, vegetables and fruits in industry. Because antibiotics are derived from organisms, they are prone to deterioration and failure due to long-term moisture and heat, so most antibiotics should be protected from moisture and stored in a cool place. Some antibiotics should also be placed in low temperature.
Sugar (carbohydrate)
Sugar (Saccharide), also known as carbohydrate (Carbohydrate), formerly known as sugar, widely exists in animals and plants, is a general term for polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones and their condensates and certain derivatives.
According to the different condensation structure, it can be divided into:
1) Monosaccharide, a compound of the general formula (CH2O) n polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. Natural monosaccharide n = 5 ~ 7, that is, five-carbon sugar (Pentose) such as arabinose, xylose, etc., six-carbon sugar (Hexose) such as glucose, mannose, etc., seven-carbon sugar (Heptose) such as Jingtian heptose. Monosaccharides are mostly white crystals. It has a sweet taste. Easily soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether and other polar organic solvents. Due to the asymmetric carbon atoms, it has optical rotation, and there are D and L stereoisomers. Natural monosaccharides are mostly D-shaped. )
2) Oligosaccharides, also known as oligosaccharides or oligosaccharides, are composed of 2 to 10 molecules of monosaccharides (the monosaccharides are combined by acetal chains). Such as sucrose (Saccharose), lactose (Lactose), raffinose (Raffinose) and so on. Low sugars are colorless crystals, easily soluble in water, insoluble or insoluble in organic solvents, and sweet.
3) Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides) refer to compounds that are condensed with more than 10 molecules or more monosaccharides, such as cellulose (Cellulose), starch (Starch), inulin (Inulin), etc. Polysaccharides have lost the properties of ordinary sugars, mostly amorphous compounds, no sweet taste, difficult to dissolve in water, insoluble in organic solvents, and some heating together with water can generate paste compounds.
Sugar can produce a variety of derivatives. Derivatives of polysaccharides include gum, pectin, agar, and heparin, and glycosides can also be regarded as sugar derivatives. Carbohydrates can be used in the preparation of culture media and medical research and treatment.
The physicochemical properties of sugars are relatively stable and generally do not require special storage and storage, but long-term storage should be protected from moisture, mold and deterioration.
Enzyme
Enzyme, formerly called enzyme. It is a protein with special catalytic ability. It is produced by organisms (animals, plants, microorganisms), and it can also be said that enzymes are a kind of biological catalyst. It continuously promotes a large number of complex chemical reactions in the organism. Such as amylase catalyst starch and glycogen hydrolysis into dextrin and maltose; protease catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides; lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The characteristics of enzymes as biocatalysts are as follows: 1) the specificity of the catalysis is very high, an enzyme can often only act on a class of substances, or even only a certain substance; 2) high catalytic efficiency, such as 0 . At C, one molecule of catalase can catalyze and decompose 5 million hydrogen peroxide molecules in one minute; 3) Most catalytic reactions of enzymes are carried out at normal temperature and pressure. High temperature will cause the destruction of the enzyme; 4) The catalytic effect of the enzyme is easily affected by the pH value in the environment. One or two thousand enzymes have been developed so far, and their catalytic reaction processes are diverse. According to the process of catalytic reaction, it can be roughly divided into six categories: 1) Oxidoreductase (Oxido-reductase); 2) Transferase (Transferase); 3) Hydrolase (Hydrolase); 4) Lyase (Lyase); 5) Isomerase; 6) Ligase. Enzymes have great significance in physiology, medicine, agriculture, industry and so on. The varieties of enzyme preparations are changing with each passing day, and their applications are becoming increasingly widespread.
The nature of the enzyme is not very stable, and it is easily damaged by various factors and loses vitality. The key to better preservation is moisture and temperature. The higher the moisture, the more unstable; the higher the temperature, the easier it is to be destroyed. Generally, it needs to be stored at a low temperature (below + 4.C, some requirements are below -20.C), but even if it is dried and refrigerated, it can gradually reduce or lose its activity and deteriorate after long-term storage. Therefore, most enzyme preparations require a certain storage period.
Glycerides and phospholipids
1) Glyceride (Glyceride) usually refers to the esters produced by the esterification of glycerin and fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated), which can be divided into glycerol-fatty acid ester C3H5 (OH) 2 ( OCOR), diglyceride fatty acid ester C3H5 (OH) (OCOR) 2 and triglyceride fatty acid ester C3H5 (OCOR) 3. High-carbon fatty acid glycerides are widely found in animal and plant tissues. Glycerin is a neutral substance, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, and hydrolyzed by sodium hydroxide. After hydrolysis, sodium salts of fatty acids and glycerin are produced.
Most glycerides are stable in nature and are not prone to deterioration during normal storage.
2) Phospholipid (Phoxpholipid) is an ester-like substance containing one or more molecules of phosphoric acid groups. It is the main component in the body. It exists in brain, liver, egg yolk, soybean and other tissues to participate in biochemical activities. Among the phospholipids, there are lecithin. And cephalin. Phospholipids are very soluble in organic solvents (ether, benzene, chloroform, etc.), partially soluble in ethanol, and very insoluble in acetone and ethyl acetate. All phospholipids have the characteristics of hydrocolloids and swell when exposed to water. It is easily hydrolyzed by alkaline or even acidic aqueous solution. Phospholipids are widely used in industry as emulsifiers, and cephalin can be used for liver function tests. Science is mainly used for biochemical research.
Phospholipids have unstable physical and chemical properties, and are easily decomposed and deteriorated when exposed to moisture. Most phospholipids should be protected from moisture and frozen.
Bases, nucleosides and nucleotide bases (Base) are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds produced by nucleic acid hydrolysis. Mainly derivatives of pyrimidine or purine.
Nucleoside (Nucleoside) is a compound composed of bases, pentoses (D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose). It is usually colorless crystals with a high melting point. Most of them are easily soluble in hot water and hardly soluble in cold water.
Nucleotide is a compound composed of nucleoside and phosphoric acid. It is a unit of accounting. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of nucleic acid, or it can exist in the form of a monomer in the body. It is usually colorless crystals with a very high melting point, which may decompose before melting. Soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents. Except that 5'-guanine nucleotide and inosine have umami taste, other nucleotides have sour taste. A few varieties of nucleosides and nucleotides are used in the food industry and medicine, and most varieties are used in biochemical synthesis and research.
Nucleosides and nucleotides have many varieties, different requirements, and different stability. Generally, they should be stored in a moisture-proof, cool or frozen place.
Peptide substance
Polypeptide (Polypeptide) is a compound formed by the condensation of many molecules of amino acids through amide bonds (ie peptide bonds). Generally, a polypeptide that is condensed with more than 10 amino acid molecules is called a polypeptide (also known as a polypeptide that is condensed with more than 3 amino acid molecules). It is made by protein hydrolysis and can also be synthesized. Most peptides are unstable in nature and should be protected from moisture for long-term storage. C and below.
protein
Protein (Protein) is a basic substance composed of cells, and various α-amino acids are connected by amide bonds (that is, peptide bonds) to form a class of high molecular weight peptides (there is no clear boundary between protein and peptides). The molecular weight is very large and can reach millions, even more than 10 million, with complex structure and diverse functional groups. A few proteins can be made into crystalline state. Most proteins are soluble in water and form colloidal solutions. However, the properties of various proteins are different, and the solubility in solvents will also be different. The protein aqueous solution can produce soap-like foam after shaking. Generally, boiling an aqueous solution of protein causes the protein to be solidified, and concentrated ethanol also solidifies the protein. Proteins are generally insoluble in organic solvents. Proteins can be enzymatically hydrolyzed or hydrolyzed into amino acids. Protein is susceptible to moisture and decomposes, molds, and deteriorates. Generally, it should be protected from moisture. For protein products that are easily affected by temperature, they need to be stored in 4. C's freezing place.
Hormones and steroids
Hormone, formerly called hormone, is derived from Greek and has the meaning of stimulating excitement. Hormones can maintain the coordination of various physiological functions and metabolic processes in animals, and promote growth and reproduction. Hormones can be divided into three categories in terms of chemical structure: 1) Nitrogen-containing hormones, including amino acid derivatives (such as thyroxine, etc.), protein compounds (such as insulin, etc.), amine derivatives (such as epinephrine, etc.); ) Compounds in the family, mainly sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones; 3) prostaglandins, are unsaturated fatty acids. Initially, hormones are extracted from living organisms, and now the chemical structure of most hormones is known and can be synthesized. The hormones were originally limited to animals, and have now been developed into plants, called plant hormones (Planthormone), also known as plant growth regulators (Plant growth regulator), such as abscisic acid, gibberellin and so on. Most plant hormones are isolated from the urine of microorganisms or animals, and their structure and chemical activity are much simpler.
Steroids, also known as steroids, have a wide range, such as cholesterol, ergosterol, cholic acid, vitamin D, androgens, estrogen, adrenocortical hormone, saponin, etc. are all steroids, widely distributed In plants and animals. There are many types of hormones and steroids, and in storage, they generally need to be protected from moisture and light. For some hormones, especially for hormones such as protein, it needs to be at 4. Keep frozen below C.
Vitamins and coenzymes
Vitamin (Vitamin), formerly known as vitamin (usually add the Latin letters A, B, C, D ... etc. after the "vitamin", this only shows that it was discovered in sequence, and it has nothing to do with its structure. ). Vitamins are trace organics necessary for biological growth and metabolism. It can be roughly divided into fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins, the former can be dissolved in fat, such as A, D, E, K vitamins, etc., the latter can be dissolved in water, such as B vitamins and vitamin C. B vitamins include B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, choline, etc. Most of them are part of certain coenzymes. Many vitamins can now be synthesized. Coenzyme (Coenzyme) is a non-protein small molecule organic substance necessary for the catalysis of certain enzymes. The difference with the prosthetic group is that it is usually not tightly bound to the enzyme protein. Many coenzymes are derivatives of vitamins, and some coenzymes (such as coenzymes I, II, etc.) can be changed to chemical names. Vitamins and coenzymes have different chemical structures and different physical properties. Some pure vitamins and coenzymes need to be kept cold in the dark.
Culture medium
Medium is an artificially formulated nutrient for the growth and maintenance of microorganisms, plants and animal tissues. It generally contains carbohydrates, nitrogenous substances, inorganic salts (including trace elements), vitamins and water. Some media also contain antibiotics and pigments. According to the different raw materials used, they can be divided into two categories: those prepared with natural ingredients such as broth and potato juice are called natural medium; those formulated with chemicals and marked with ingredients are called synthetic medium or comprehensive medium. The medium in the chemical reagent is mostly a synthetic medium. Since the liquid medium is not easy to store for a long time, it is now converted into powder. Due to the different raw materials of the culture medium, the use requirements are different, and the storage and storage are also slightly different. The general culture medium is easily contaminated by bacteria or decomposes and deteriorates after being heated and absorbed moisture. Therefore, the general culture medium must be kept in a moisture-proof, dark and cool place. For some mediums that require strict sterilization (such as tissue culture medium), long-term storage must be placed in 2 ~ 6. C refrigerator.
Biological buffer substance (Biological buffer substance), or biological buffer (Biological buffer), is used to regulate, control and reduce in other chemical reactions for the study of separation, analysis and synthesis in biology and biochemistry Changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions that occur. The quality requirements of biological buffer substances are strict, such as pKa value between 6 and 8; good solubility in water systems, and very little solubility in organic solvents; less permeability for biofilms It is minimally affected by concentration, temperature, and ions in the medium; it can form soluble complexes with cations; it has excellent stability in dry or solution state, and it can resist degradation by enzymes or non-enzymes; There is a very small absorption value. Most of the biological buffer substances are solid powders, and there are generally no special requirements for storage.
Source: Noble
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