Due to the devastating earthquake, the damage of the building is normal, and so many schools like the Wenchuan Earthquake are suddenly collapsed.
Where should the architect be?
The most frequently occurring news from the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan is that schools, kindergartens and hospitals have the largest number of collapsed public buildings and the largest number of casualties. From the photos of the collapsed buildings, the design of the collapsed buildings can be found. There are problems with the standard setting and construction quality. In particular, a rescuer is cleaning up photos of several schoolchildren who have been killed from the collapsed ruins, and many people have issued such questions.
Why are our schools and hospitals easy to collapse? What is the structure of our house? What are our building codes when building these public buildings? Is the setting of the building seismic reference not enough? Can you give us some houses that can survive, that is, affordable houses that can resist natural disasters? It allows our children to be sheltered when they are not yet able to escape. Because the building itself is a sanctuary that protects itself from the heat and cold of nature.
When it comes to the responsibility of the architect, I think of a piece of past news. In the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake in Japan, there were two contrasting stories. In the Japanese-language news in Japan, there was such a news, saying that one in Kobe The Chinese students studying in China’s architecture immediately decided to return to China to take refuge. The other news is that the famous Japanese architect Ando Tadao is inspecting in London. He heard the news of the Great Hanshin Earthquake and immediately decided to interrupt his investigation in London. Returning to Kobe, he believes that the architect's responsibility is to study the crisis of the building on the spot? What kind of reconstruction plan should the architect propose?
The revelation from these two news stories is: Where should the architect be when faced with a major earthquake? Because the architect can't see the ruins of the disaster, it is impossible to propose a reasonable regeneration plan. Responsible architects should be on the site of the building ruins. Take evidence in the ruins to think about what kind of homes should be built in the future?
Damage is normal and collapse is artificial
Although many people have not recovered from the grief of emotions, what are the reasons for grief at the same time as grief? It is necessary to make a thorough reflection on public buildings such as schools. What is the natural disaster? What is man-made?
Usually, the casualties caused by the destruction and collapse of buildings account for 95% of the earthquake casualties. Less than 5% of casualties are caused directly by secondary disasters such as floods and landslides caused by earthquakes and earthquakes. Due to the devastating earthquake, the damage of the building is normal, and so many schools like the Wenchuan Earthquake are suddenly collapsed.
We can see from the photos and images from the scene that the empty space that was originally the playground filled the students’ bodies, and every day there was news that the number of students’ deaths was rising. The photos of most of the broken floors were It is shown that these school buildings were mostly constructed with hollow prefabricated panels, and many students were pressed between the collapsed slabs. In a big city like Beijing, no one is using hollow prefabricated panels as materials for building schools. However, in some economically underdeveloped areas of China, it will still be used in large quantities. This Wenchuan earthquake has exposed all the problems. So why is this material accused of being the "killer of life" in this disaster?
Prefabricated panels are lightweight, low-cost concrete precast panels that were developed decades ago and are inexpensive building materials for poor residents in developing countries. It is very simple to manufacture, especially the hollow precast slab is easier to cut than the concrete precast slab, so it becomes a slab building material for building buildings and schools quickly. Due to its limited physical volume, it can only be used for relatively small cold drawing. Rebar, while cast-in-place plates mostly use relatively large reinforced bars. But the problem is not just here. The scenes of the school buildings that are already broken walls completely expose the frame of the slab and building during construction. What kind of perfunctory relationship is between the two, that is, the extremely unreliable connection, which causes adult disaster.
Seismic buildings are roughly divided into three types, steel structure, frame structure and brick-concrete structure. The seismic level can be ranked as five-star, four-star and three-star. The seismic performance of steel structure is high performance, mainly based on steel. Due to the homogeneity and toughness of steel materials, large deformations can occur even in the case of large earthquakes, in addition to being able to withstand dynamic loads well, and It has good seismic resistance, and many new buildings in Japan use steel frame structure, of course, its cost also increases.
The frame structure is constructed by reinforced concrete into bearing beams and columns, which form a skeleton, and then assembled with hollow bricks or prefabricated lightweight plates as partition walls. Because the wall is not load-bearing, it can be made of various lightweight materials, mainly bearing beams and columns. Its beams, columns and floors are cast-in-place, also called cast-in-place structure. The cast-in-place house has a high seismic resistance. At present, the building structure of high-rise residential buildings is mainly used in this way.
The brick-concrete structure houses are generally multi-storey houses, and their seismic performance is relatively weak compared to the above two. In many large cities, according to the relevant regulations, the use of brick-concrete structure design is no longer allowed after 2000, which is also a measure to improve the earthquake-proof level.
And this time, whether we are in Wenchuan, Beichuan, Dujiangyan and Chengdu, many buildings that are destroyed and collapsed are mostly brick-concrete structures. At the scene of the earthquake, we can see obvious differences. Some of the destroyed ones are no longer the same, but in it. There are still buildings that are still standing around, which means that in the same earthquake zone, even the same structure of the house will have a great difference in the rate of death due to the different structure and construction quality of the building.
In the case of a huge earthquake that is completely unpredictable, it always causes great damage to the building. Even if we do our best to design and build earthquake-resistant buildings, when encountering an earthquake like this 8-level direct earthquake, the general Earthquake-resistant buildings are also difficult to escape, but the damage is different. It is normal for the building to be damaged, but it is a quality problem if it appears in a few seconds and crashes like a mahjong paste.
The killer of life
The general building is the first column, the re-circle beam, the ring beam refers to the transverse beam, and the ring beam and the fixed column of the column are the key. If these joints are not strong enough, that is, the standard is not met, then the prefabricated plate is added. There will be problems under normal circumstances, but there will be unprecedented disasters in the event of an earthquake.
The many tragic scenes we saw this time were that the hollow prefabricated panels used as slabs were separated from the structural columns and ring beams when the strong earthquake struck. The first arrival of this direct earthquake was transmitted from the center of the earth to the ground. Come, that is, the longitudinal wave first reaches the ground, and the slab and the beam are simply put together, and it is impossible to resist the first wave. At this time, the floor will be misplaced, and then the arrival of the earthquake sway will make the building destroyed, and Fortunately, people who are inexplicably smashed out of the window are actually the result of a seismic transverse wave that produces large amplitude horizontal sloshing. This combination of up and down and left and right makes the floor slab upstairs, so one by one. Pressed down, like a clapper brick, it completely destroyed the tofu slag building, and we saw people lying in the middle of the two floors in the scene of the earthquake. This is the school building. Become the killer of a weak life.
If it is a building with a cast-in-place structure, it will not happen. It may be skewed overall or it will be slower to collapse, so that people can win some escape time, as long as it is not a night of sleep, it will never be like The Wenchuan earthquake is so bad. Even if the building is damaged, there will be triangular or irregular spaces in the broken part of the beam and the column, so that people trapped inside may have a breathing space. same.
Another case of the school building was completely destroyed in the earthquake. It was Beichuan Middle School in the epicenter. The five-story school building turned into three layers after the earthquake. It was caused by the earthquake's horizontal and vertical waves. The roots of the pillars that touch the ground are all broken and collapsed, and the bottom two layers become large cakes, which also reveals that the buildings with not high floors are not up to standard in seismic design. We can understand its state of stress in this way, like a person, if his ankle is damaged, then the upper body will fall down in health, so we want to strengthen the part of the pillar that touches the ground.
Beichuan Middle School
Tangshan has a legend in architecture. It is a warehouse built by five Japanese troops during the invasion of China. In the Tangshan earthquake, there was no damage and no damage. Now one of them has been demolished and rebuilt. The person told me that the building is particularly difficult to dismantle. It can be seen that it is solid. I have carefully observed that these buildings are not high, but the specially designed auxiliary slopes are strengthened in the part where the wall cylinder and the ground contact. The treatment, exposed to the bricks surrounding the building, all adopted this method, showing that the builders have fully investigated the geographical conditions of Tangshan before the construction.
Architecture is a shelter for people to survive. This is the reason why human beings have no need to explain since the construction of technology. Now, what we saw in the Wenchuan earthquake is that schools built with their own hands have become killing. The torture and grave of the dead student. We have grief, and we also have grief and anger. We don’t know how many people, including those in the world who have been paying attention to the disaster relief scene, are saddened and saddened by the students and teachers who have lost their moments.
Architectural miracle in disaster
People are expecting miracles in the event of disasters. In the face of a large number of school collapses, some people think that it is not just in China. Wherever there is an earthquake in the world, school buildings are firstly damaged. The implication is that this Wenchuan earthquake It is normal to have a school building collapse. Then there is a latest miracle that can make this statement unsuccessful. Li Chengpeng wrote in his blog post: "The Truth Behind the Death Miracle of the Beilong Elementary School in Beichuan" It is in this huge disaster that Beichuan, which is actually moved to the flat in half of the city, has a Deng family "Hanlong Primary School" not only has no one died, but also the primary school teaching building is not flawed, the miracle is, even teaching On the front of the building, a small piece of glass curtain wall with a length of more than ten meters and a three-storey building is not broken. Compared with the hundreds of students who were killed in the Beichuan Middle School in Beichuan, the building was completely destroyed. Said to be a miracle.
This is a donated Hope Primary School. The donors said to the engineering supervisor as a subordinate: "If you can't lose money, you must give good quality. If the building is not good, you will leave the company." Let's go." The role of the project supervisor who did not want to be named is important, because the responsibility he has fulfilled is that the donated money can be put in place in time. As the project supervisor, he did not let the builders cut corners and cut the column. Because the same cement, also the difference between steel bars, markings and steel, will bring unexpected disasters to the building. If there is no “cut-off†(intercepting the funds that are constantly taking back the kickbacks at all stages of the project), the school building cannot be guaranteed. The quality, because there is no money in the final stage, you can hardly imagine creating a quality house.
In fact, the bean curd residue project is not only in China. There are some places where there are work sites, such as cutting corners, but the degree and scope are different. When the Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred in Japan, a plastic pot was found in the damaged reinforced concrete wall. It is watered in the wall, which is also the Japanese bean curd project, so the earthquake can thoroughly verify the existing building quality.
Therefore, if the evidence is found to be a bean curd project, then the cover-up should be the defendant. Chinese lawyers have the responsibility to defend the rights of these children who are already in paradise, and help those parents to use legal means to sue. Unfortunately Even if it is a court session, the defendants cannot all be present, because some defendants may also be buried in their own graves.
The State Council has allowed experts from all over the country to rush to Beijing and hold an emergency meeting on the weekend. The State Council has entrusted the Ministry of Construction, and the Ministry of Construction commissioned the construction association to convene experts. The State Council, like the same level, only opened once after 9/11. The degree of emphasis on this matter. If the Central Committee really decides to rectify the Chinese construction industry and examine the situation in the construction industry, then the black curtain can be exposed.
In China, there are people who do not work in the project. How many media knows about such a thing? Everyone remembers that the Forbidden City last year sentenced the person in charge of the project responsible for accepting bribes in the Forecourt overhaul. That is the tip of the iceberg. He only However, it has received hundreds of thousands of yuan. This kind of thing is everywhere in China, a huge construction site in the world. Comrades of the journalists who are interested, let me know what lubricants are used to make the construction projects all over the country work. ? Then you can unlock Wenchuan: Why architecture will become the killer of life.
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