Zhuzhou Institute of Technology Song Baofeng and Qiu Liping In the 1980s, the pressure on the earth environment that humans lived in became increasingly evident. It is eagerly hopeful that a very sophisticated and effective analytical tool can be developed to evaluate the load and its impact on the environment in products and processing. Among them, the life cycle assessment (English abbreviated LCA) method has been taken seriously by government departments and the business community and is being tried out. The LCA method appeared about thirty years ago, and it has gradually become an effective analytical tool for various industries, especially in the development and application of packaging, which is very helpful to assist investors and managers in making decisions. To further apply and improve this scientific method, it is necessary to introduce the concept and principle of LCA and its application in the strategic development of the industry, and to explain the development trend of LCA in combination with economic and social decision-making and other factors.
On a global scale, people’s awareness of environmental protection has been increasingly strengthened. However, it is particularly noticeable that packaging is often regarded as one of the most serious sources of pollution. Therefore, at present, many countries in the world are making every effort to reduce or eliminate packaging waste, and they do not hesitate to take various measures. Among other things, these measures include the development of strict regulations and regulations from government agencies and the development of voluntary agreements with managers. Many countries in the world are formulating and studying various environmental policy frameworks in order to achieve the least quantification of packaging waste. It is clear that the consideration and implementation of environmental protection will play an increasingly important role in the future product development and manufacturing process. Government departments, including package development companies, must consider environmental protection issues as one of their industry development strategies. important part.
Not long ago, the International Business Council for Sustainable Development (Th e W or ld Bus usin e ss C oun c il fo r Su s ta ln ab leD eve lopm en t) compiled the current list of business development trends. Among them, there are three issues directly related to environmental issues: 1, product market management and service work; 2, the expansion of the scope of responsibility of the production sector; 3, trade development and environmental protection. Corresponding to this, the world's famous "Business and Environment" magazine published a special report, saying that "comforting with the challenge of sustainable development" and "environmental and business strategy combined to increase added value" have become the two most important in the world business community. Development trends and strategic goals.
Looking around at the international business community, companies have fully understood the benefits of applying certain technologies and methods of environmental protection. The problem is that it will inevitably deepen the understanding of the impact of environmental issues on the products and their manufacturing process, and then they will know how to take Effective management measures. When the product structure is adjusted or the old product and its manufacturing process are replaced with new ones, the environmental management system, the environmental auditing law and the LCA method can all help people understand and evaluate these new developments scientifically and become effective analytical tools. . This kind of analysis tool, first of all, can establish standards and guidelines for the use of resources and calculate various types of emissions discharged into the atmosphere, water and soil. Second, to ensure that product development and manufacturing processes reach a more complete level by reducing environmental impact. It is precisely because the LCA method can meet these two basic requirements, it has always attracted people's attention and application.
In the last 10 years, the LCA method has indeed developed into a useful analytical tool. According to the introduction of relevant data in the world, the meaning of LCA can be described as follows:
Through the quantitative identification of the energy and materials consumed as well as the wastes discharged into the external environment, a practical and objective technical approach to analyze the impact of products, manufacturing and related activities on the environment and potential hazards is analyzed. This technology can be used to assess the environmental effects of energy and material consumption and their emissions, while identifying and using opportunities to implement environmental improvements. LCA method analysis includes the so-called "cradle to grave" life cycle. The LCA method only describes environmental benefits and impact results, not as a result of human activities as economic and social effects.
The main purpose of the LCA method is to systematically evaluate the environmental effects of products, manufacturing or services throughout the life cycle. The basic condition of this technical method is to have effective data, the impact of the specific environment and a complete and comprehensive calculation. When the LCA method is used as an analytical assessment tool, the following tasks can be accomplished: 1. A display framework that provides business activities as complete as possible with existing knowledge level and its interaction with the environment; To understand in depth the overall and individual characteristics of the environmental effects of people’s business activities; and 3 to provide decision-makers with information that may improve the environment.
According to the standard ISO 14040 issued by the International Standardization Organization, it is explained that the LCA method includes four stages, and these four stages are related to each other. Among them, the definition of "target" and "scope" is an important beginning of the LCA method. Based on established research projects, this definition defines the depth and breadth of development investment.
As a basic principle of the LCA method, all material requirements, energy consumption, emissions, waste volume, and their environmental impact on products, manufacturing, and services have to be quantitatively described. As mentioned above, the LCA method includes the entire product life cycle, including the selection, processing and processing of raw materials, the manufacture, transportation and distribution of products, use/reuse/repair, recycling and eventual scrapping. When moving from one stage to another, it usually requires some form of transport, and transport itself is a process that affects the environment, such as energy consumption and waste discharge.
The analytical process of the three LCAs includes all phases from the extraction, processing and processing of raw materials until the final consumption and end-of-life of the products. Therefore, LCA is called the life cycle assessment method, which is sometimes translated as Life cycle analysis. It has now become a widely used technique for evaluating the overall environmental effects. In the implementation of the standardization of environmental management, ISO International Standards Organization included the LCA method as an integral part of it. As an evaluation technology of environmental effects, the working regulations of the LCA method are considered as standards written in IS014040, and they are intended to promote international adoption. According to this standard, in November 1997, the Japanese Industrial Standards Department established the JIS Q14040 standard entitled "Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework."
The packaging field has become one of the most important application stages of the LCA method. As early as 30 years ago, the Coca-Cola Company of the United States used the concept of quantitative analysis of material consumption throughout its product life cycle, as well as the energy consumption and environmental impact of packaging, and initially provided analysis procedures for the LCA technology method. In the initial stage, due to the public's great concern about the increasing use of plastics in packaging and the formation of a large amount of solid waste, people have to study the environmental effects of packaging materials. Later, in the 1970s, energy consumption became a major concern. Until the early 1980s, a combination of various factors such as energy consumption, material consumption, emissions, and solid waste was comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. This enabled LCA to gain a more solid theoretical foundation. Through the formulation of relevant standards of the Environmental and Chemical Association (SETAC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the LCA method has been further developed and improved.
As people have felt the serious impact of packaging on the environment, packaging has received more attention and inspection in the past more than a decade. In many countries, the large amount of solid waste generated by packaging has been highly valued by the government. Especially in most industrialized countries, various policies and regulations have been formulated to reduce packaging waste.
In the development of packaging, including the improvement and improvement of existing packaging, it is necessary to consider the requirements of environmental protection. This means that the packaging system must not only meet the economic, technological and social requirements, but also minimize the adverse impact on the environment. Although most of the existing policy frameworks focus on minimizing waste at the end of the product life cycle, it is also important that the package's environmental impact during circulation, sales, and use is as important as possible throughout the product's life cycle. .
The introduction of the LCA method into existing or planned packaging systems will provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of the entire system, and the resulting information will directly relate to the functional characteristics of the packaging system. Based on this, it can identify the key stages of the product life cycle that affect the environment and the blank parts of the technical theory. Therefore, after the analysis of key stages, it is often possible to take certain measures to improve the environmental performance of the entire packaging system.
It can be seen that the research results of the LCA method can provide strategic decision-making directions in the process of packaging development and investment. It can also be used as a benchmark for future development trends and provide guidance for long-term strategic planning. This research process also enhances a deep understanding of the environmental effects and extends the discussion from a single issue to a global issue. This is especially important for government departments that are pursuing more scientific information-based policy formulation and policy implementation. Regardless of the LCA method as a technical tool, or a theoretical concept, it can always provide a clear and clear guiding principle for the introduction of policies and regulations. In short, the basic concepts and information proposed by the LCA method can demonstrate the sense of responsibility and civilization embodied in the packaging environmental effects of the entire product supply chain.
Before the formation of formal international policies and regulations, environmental guidelines for packaging practices have been developed and implemented in some countries. In Australia, for example, the Packaging Committee, the Beverage Industry Environmental Committee, the Plastics and Chemical Industry Association, and the Australian Industry Group Corporation worked together to formulate relevant environmental guidelines in 1997. The purpose of such environmental guidelines proposed by the industry department is to provide work instructions for packaging designers or developers to assist them in considering environmental requirements and implementation methods in the decision-making process of product design and manufacturing. This environmental guideline indicates a self-regulating policy framework and it is included in the packaging agreement of existing countries. Such agreements are voluntarily negotiated between the state, state, local government, and the packaging industry.
This environmental code is reviewed or evaluated every two years to ensure that it meets the latest developments and best practices in the packaging industry. The latest version of this guideline contains several important changes. For example, "new packaging materials and products" were written in the old version of the guidelines, and in the new version, they are rewritten as "new and existing packaging." This reflects the The fact that the main objective of environmental guidelines is not only to assess the environmental effects of packaging materials and products, but to always relate to their application. Therefore, what should be evaluated is the environmental effect of the entire packaging system used in a specific product, including the results of the response of the circulation and market systems. Only by doing so can a comprehensive and real judgment and evaluation of the environmental impact be obtained.
As can be seen from the old version of the guidelines, the main purpose of environmental guidelines is to evaluate packaging materials or products. Obviously, this does not reflect its main intention. When similar packaging materials are used in the packaging and distribution of different products, there are different levels of environmental effects. Even if the same type of packaging material is used for similar products, the level of environmental effects is also variable because it depends on factors such as circulation system and circulation area. The latest version of the guidelines is combined with the IS014000 series of standards for the first time. The purpose of doing so is to promote the packaging industry's participation in evaluating the environmental effects of new and existing packaging, and to respond to any packaging that needs improvement so that the entire packaging system can benefit from environmental protection.
According to the IS014000 standard series, to achieve more reliable environmental protection goals, it is advisable to apply the LCA method to evaluate the packaging system. Although the old version of the guidelines was widely focused on the recycling of solid waste, the main objective of the latest version is how to improve its environmental effects throughout the entire life cycle of the packaging system. Clearly, the development of environmental guidelines is to promote the application and improvement of LCA methods. When the LCA method is applied, comprehensive and clear information is obtained, and based on this information, the key parts of the environment can be identified, which is often done even when the information is insufficient. When related to the technical and economic aspects of the system
On a global scale, people’s awareness of environmental protection has been increasingly strengthened. However, it is particularly noticeable that packaging is often regarded as one of the most serious sources of pollution. Therefore, at present, many countries in the world are making every effort to reduce or eliminate packaging waste, and they do not hesitate to take various measures. Among other things, these measures include the development of strict regulations and regulations from government agencies and the development of voluntary agreements with managers. Many countries in the world are formulating and studying various environmental policy frameworks in order to achieve the least quantification of packaging waste. It is clear that the consideration and implementation of environmental protection will play an increasingly important role in the future product development and manufacturing process. Government departments, including package development companies, must consider environmental protection issues as one of their industry development strategies. important part.
Not long ago, the International Business Council for Sustainable Development (Th e W or ld Bus usin e ss C oun c il fo r Su s ta ln ab leD eve lopm en t) compiled the current list of business development trends. Among them, there are three issues directly related to environmental issues: 1, product market management and service work; 2, the expansion of the scope of responsibility of the production sector; 3, trade development and environmental protection. Corresponding to this, the world's famous "Business and Environment" magazine published a special report, saying that "comforting with the challenge of sustainable development" and "environmental and business strategy combined to increase added value" have become the two most important in the world business community. Development trends and strategic goals.
Looking around at the international business community, companies have fully understood the benefits of applying certain technologies and methods of environmental protection. The problem is that it will inevitably deepen the understanding of the impact of environmental issues on the products and their manufacturing process, and then they will know how to take Effective management measures. When the product structure is adjusted or the old product and its manufacturing process are replaced with new ones, the environmental management system, the environmental auditing law and the LCA method can all help people understand and evaluate these new developments scientifically and become effective analytical tools. . This kind of analysis tool, first of all, can establish standards and guidelines for the use of resources and calculate various types of emissions discharged into the atmosphere, water and soil. Second, to ensure that product development and manufacturing processes reach a more complete level by reducing environmental impact. It is precisely because the LCA method can meet these two basic requirements, it has always attracted people's attention and application.
In the last 10 years, the LCA method has indeed developed into a useful analytical tool. According to the introduction of relevant data in the world, the meaning of LCA can be described as follows:
Through the quantitative identification of the energy and materials consumed as well as the wastes discharged into the external environment, a practical and objective technical approach to analyze the impact of products, manufacturing and related activities on the environment and potential hazards is analyzed. This technology can be used to assess the environmental effects of energy and material consumption and their emissions, while identifying and using opportunities to implement environmental improvements. LCA method analysis includes the so-called "cradle to grave" life cycle. The LCA method only describes environmental benefits and impact results, not as a result of human activities as economic and social effects.
The main purpose of the LCA method is to systematically evaluate the environmental effects of products, manufacturing or services throughout the life cycle. The basic condition of this technical method is to have effective data, the impact of the specific environment and a complete and comprehensive calculation. When the LCA method is used as an analytical assessment tool, the following tasks can be accomplished: 1. A display framework that provides business activities as complete as possible with existing knowledge level and its interaction with the environment; To understand in depth the overall and individual characteristics of the environmental effects of people’s business activities; and 3 to provide decision-makers with information that may improve the environment.
According to the standard ISO 14040 issued by the International Standardization Organization, it is explained that the LCA method includes four stages, and these four stages are related to each other. Among them, the definition of "target" and "scope" is an important beginning of the LCA method. Based on established research projects, this definition defines the depth and breadth of development investment.
As a basic principle of the LCA method, all material requirements, energy consumption, emissions, waste volume, and their environmental impact on products, manufacturing, and services have to be quantitatively described. As mentioned above, the LCA method includes the entire product life cycle, including the selection, processing and processing of raw materials, the manufacture, transportation and distribution of products, use/reuse/repair, recycling and eventual scrapping. When moving from one stage to another, it usually requires some form of transport, and transport itself is a process that affects the environment, such as energy consumption and waste discharge.
The analytical process of the three LCAs includes all phases from the extraction, processing and processing of raw materials until the final consumption and end-of-life of the products. Therefore, LCA is called the life cycle assessment method, which is sometimes translated as Life cycle analysis. It has now become a widely used technique for evaluating the overall environmental effects. In the implementation of the standardization of environmental management, ISO International Standards Organization included the LCA method as an integral part of it. As an evaluation technology of environmental effects, the working regulations of the LCA method are considered as standards written in IS014040, and they are intended to promote international adoption. According to this standard, in November 1997, the Japanese Industrial Standards Department established the JIS Q14040 standard entitled "Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework."
The packaging field has become one of the most important application stages of the LCA method. As early as 30 years ago, the Coca-Cola Company of the United States used the concept of quantitative analysis of material consumption throughout its product life cycle, as well as the energy consumption and environmental impact of packaging, and initially provided analysis procedures for the LCA technology method. In the initial stage, due to the public's great concern about the increasing use of plastics in packaging and the formation of a large amount of solid waste, people have to study the environmental effects of packaging materials. Later, in the 1970s, energy consumption became a major concern. Until the early 1980s, a combination of various factors such as energy consumption, material consumption, emissions, and solid waste was comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. This enabled LCA to gain a more solid theoretical foundation. Through the formulation of relevant standards of the Environmental and Chemical Association (SETAC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the LCA method has been further developed and improved.
As people have felt the serious impact of packaging on the environment, packaging has received more attention and inspection in the past more than a decade. In many countries, the large amount of solid waste generated by packaging has been highly valued by the government. Especially in most industrialized countries, various policies and regulations have been formulated to reduce packaging waste.
In the development of packaging, including the improvement and improvement of existing packaging, it is necessary to consider the requirements of environmental protection. This means that the packaging system must not only meet the economic, technological and social requirements, but also minimize the adverse impact on the environment. Although most of the existing policy frameworks focus on minimizing waste at the end of the product life cycle, it is also important that the package's environmental impact during circulation, sales, and use is as important as possible throughout the product's life cycle. .
The introduction of the LCA method into existing or planned packaging systems will provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of the entire system, and the resulting information will directly relate to the functional characteristics of the packaging system. Based on this, it can identify the key stages of the product life cycle that affect the environment and the blank parts of the technical theory. Therefore, after the analysis of key stages, it is often possible to take certain measures to improve the environmental performance of the entire packaging system.
It can be seen that the research results of the LCA method can provide strategic decision-making directions in the process of packaging development and investment. It can also be used as a benchmark for future development trends and provide guidance for long-term strategic planning. This research process also enhances a deep understanding of the environmental effects and extends the discussion from a single issue to a global issue. This is especially important for government departments that are pursuing more scientific information-based policy formulation and policy implementation. Regardless of the LCA method as a technical tool, or a theoretical concept, it can always provide a clear and clear guiding principle for the introduction of policies and regulations. In short, the basic concepts and information proposed by the LCA method can demonstrate the sense of responsibility and civilization embodied in the packaging environmental effects of the entire product supply chain.
Before the formation of formal international policies and regulations, environmental guidelines for packaging practices have been developed and implemented in some countries. In Australia, for example, the Packaging Committee, the Beverage Industry Environmental Committee, the Plastics and Chemical Industry Association, and the Australian Industry Group Corporation worked together to formulate relevant environmental guidelines in 1997. The purpose of such environmental guidelines proposed by the industry department is to provide work instructions for packaging designers or developers to assist them in considering environmental requirements and implementation methods in the decision-making process of product design and manufacturing. This environmental guideline indicates a self-regulating policy framework and it is included in the packaging agreement of existing countries. Such agreements are voluntarily negotiated between the state, state, local government, and the packaging industry.
This environmental code is reviewed or evaluated every two years to ensure that it meets the latest developments and best practices in the packaging industry. The latest version of this guideline contains several important changes. For example, "new packaging materials and products" were written in the old version of the guidelines, and in the new version, they are rewritten as "new and existing packaging." This reflects the The fact that the main objective of environmental guidelines is not only to assess the environmental effects of packaging materials and products, but to always relate to their application. Therefore, what should be evaluated is the environmental effect of the entire packaging system used in a specific product, including the results of the response of the circulation and market systems. Only by doing so can a comprehensive and real judgment and evaluation of the environmental impact be obtained.
As can be seen from the old version of the guidelines, the main purpose of environmental guidelines is to evaluate packaging materials or products. Obviously, this does not reflect its main intention. When similar packaging materials are used in the packaging and distribution of different products, there are different levels of environmental effects. Even if the same type of packaging material is used for similar products, the level of environmental effects is also variable because it depends on factors such as circulation system and circulation area. The latest version of the guidelines is combined with the IS014000 series of standards for the first time. The purpose of doing so is to promote the packaging industry's participation in evaluating the environmental effects of new and existing packaging, and to respond to any packaging that needs improvement so that the entire packaging system can benefit from environmental protection.
According to the IS014000 standard series, to achieve more reliable environmental protection goals, it is advisable to apply the LCA method to evaluate the packaging system. Although the old version of the guidelines was widely focused on the recycling of solid waste, the main objective of the latest version is how to improve its environmental effects throughout the entire life cycle of the packaging system. Clearly, the development of environmental guidelines is to promote the application and improvement of LCA methods. When the LCA method is applied, comprehensive and clear information is obtained, and based on this information, the key parts of the environment can be identified, which is often done even when the information is insufficient. When related to the technical and economic aspects of the system
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