To open any biology introductory textbook, the first lesson you learn first is: our DNA spells the instructions for protein generation, and most of the work in our body cells is done by tiny machines like proteins. The results of a study published in the January 2 issue of Science openly challenged science textbooks, the first confirmation of protein components - amino acids can be in the absence of DNA and intermediate template messenger RNA (mRNA) Assemble. The team observed that it was the case that another protein was used to specify which amino acid to add.
Peter Shen Shen, the first author of the paper and a postdoctoral fellow in biochemistry at the University of Utah, said: "This amazing research reveals that we don't fully understand biology. Nature is far more capable than we realize."
Treat cells as well-functioning plants or help to properly understand this new research finding. Ribosomes are machines on the protein assembly line that are responsible for linking amino acids together in the order specified by the genetic code. When an error occurs, the ribosome may stop working and bring quality control personnel to this point. In order to clean up this mess, the cells break down the ribosome, discard the blueprint, and recover part of the protein.
The new study reveals a member of this quality control team that is conserved in a protein from yeast to humans: an amazing role for Rqc2p. Before this incomplete protein is recovered, Rqc2p causes the ribosome to repeatedly add two amino acids in any order: alanine and threonine. You can think of it as a car assembly line that continues to operate without a command. It picks up and can be assembled indiscriminately: horn-wheel-wheel-horn-wheel-wheel-wheel-wheel-horn.
Dr. Adam Frost, an assistant professor at the University of California, San Francisco, and an adjunct professor of biochemistry at the University of Utah, said: "In this case, we have a protein that performs the tasks normally performed by mRNA. I like this story because it blurs us. The functional boundaries of proteins that were thought to be in the past.†Dr. Jonathan Weissman, a researcher at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California, San Francisco, and Dr. Onn Brandman from Stanford University are co-authors of the paper.
Just like installing extra speakers and wheels on one side of a semi-finished car, the protein with a clear sequence of alanine and threonine looks strange and may not work properly. But this meaningless sequence may have met a special purpose. This password has the potential to signal that the incomplete protein must be destroyed, or it may be an integral part of the test to see if the ribosome is functioning properly. Evidence suggests that one or both of some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Huntington's disease, may have errors.
Brandman said: "There are many interesting potential situations in this work. If we don't follow our curiosity, no situation can happen. The main driving force of discovery is to explore what you see, and this is what we are. What you do. There will never be anything to replace it."
When scientists see the evidence with their own eyes, the first thing to consider is an unusual phenomenon. They used a technique called cryo-electron microscopy to freeze quickly and then imaged this quality control machine in operation. Frost said: "We captured Rqc2p in action. But this view is so far-fetched. It is our responsibility to confirm it."
They confirmed their hypothesis through extensive biochemical analysis. New RNA sequencing technology confirms that the Rqc2p/ribosomal complex has the potential to add some amino acids to the stopped protein because it also incorporates tRNAs that bring amino acids to the protein assembly line. The specific tRNAs they see carry only the two amino acids, alanine and threonine. The decisive thing was that they determined that the stopped protein was added with a wide range of alanine and threonine chains.
"Now our job is to determine when and where this process happens, and what happens when it fails," Frost said.
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