Source: A political economy
2018 is the fortieth anniversary of China's reform and opening up. Standing at the critical juncture of China's historical development, this article reviews the 40-year journey of China's newspaper industry development from the perspective of how the media can help reform and opening up, and discusses China in the process of reform and opening up. The development of the newspaper industry also analyzes how the development of China's newspaper industry can help reform and opening up. The article attempts to review the social functions and media roles of the reforms and opening up by reviewing a series of reports with significant influences introduced by the newspapers in different periods, and on this basis, to explore how the future development of the newspaper industry will continue to help reform and opening up.
1980s: Enlighteners
In the late 1970s, China’s newspaper market reform was restarted, and in the early 1980s it began to embark on the road of reform and development. Due to the long-term practice of the planned economy and the practice of class struggle, people's old ideas and old ideas must be truly liberated, and they still face many constraints and challenges. Under this circumstance, the central-level newspapers played a very important role in the early stage of reform and opening up because of their irreplaceable influence, talent advantage and distribution channels.
Throughout the 1980s, a series of journalistic works launched by China's newspaper industry, especially in-depth reports, played a role in promoting the development of society as a whole. It can be summed up with the word “enlightenerâ€, that is, the enlighteners and ideas of reform ideas. The leader.
Represented by People’s Daily, Economic Daily, Workers’ Daily, and China Youth Daily, these national newspapers contain a series of very influential reports that liberate from different values. The important role of the concept enlightenment. Related works include at least:
In 1980, the Workers’ Daily published a report on “What did the Bohai No. 2 Drilling Ship Float Accident?â€. This is the first time that the news report on the responsibility of the leadership department for major liability accidents since the founding of the People's Republic of China has been hailed as a milestone event in China's "news reform."
In 1985, the "China Youth Daily" published a series of works "University Graduation Generation Tracking". This group of 8 reports was jointly written by Li Datong and Tianjin-based reporter Zhang Jianwei. It broke through the non-black and white bipolar reporting mode of the past, and for the first time replaced the “grey band†as a news subject and replaced it with “progressive†reports. The traditional "conclusional" report is regarded by the press as the "opening of the mountains" in the new period.
In 1987, the "Guang Guangmei Phenomenon" series of reports launched by the "Economic Daily" triggered a heated discussion about the issue of the name "capital" or "social" of the leasing system. This group of reports and discussions changed the way of communication and commenting in the past, published a large number of letters from readers, and reached conclusions in the dialogue of broad participation of the society, which produced a strong social response.
In 1987, the "China Youth Daily" published a "three-color series" report on the Daxinganling fire (red warning, black sigh, green sorrow). This group of reports extends the thinking to the reasons behind the fire and explores the “news behind the newsâ€. The editor of the article said, “In the in-depth exploration of the relationship between nature, society and people, people will naturally come beyond the Daxing’an Mountains. Various conclusions.
And this conclusion will eventually make us understand our country more and understand our reforms. "These three reports show that the Daxinganling fire was placed in the social background of the time and placed in the relationship between man and nature and society to reveal the defects of the management system, the deterioration of the ecological environment, and the relationship between man and nature. More complex information and deeper revelations such as relationships.
In 1987, the People’s Daily published a report on the Impact of Lubge. This report not only describes the working conditions under the two systems on the Lubuge site, but also analyzes the deep-seated problems of the system, interests and concepts reflected by such differences from the perspective of ordinary laborers. This greatly enhances the news value of this report in the context of the big era.
In 1987, the "People's Daily" published a report jointly written by Luo Rongxing, Zhu Huaxin, and Cao Huanrong, "The Historical Position of China's Reform: The Challenge of the Times and the Thinking of Young and Middle-aged Theoretical Workers." Rereading the beginning of this report, it is full of speculative colors and the times: "In the 1980s, the tide of reform surged on the ancient Chinese land. People who just woke up from ten years of nightmare were quickly rolled up. Into the waves of change.
Life is changing, ideas are changing, people are changing, everything is changing. Excitement, horror, confusion, expectation... harass everyone. Where do we come from? Where are we going? How will a historian after 100 years say how the Chinese nation, which now accounts for one-fifth of the world's population, is marching under the leadership of the Communist Party of China?"
Looking back at these classic works of great influence in the 1980s, it is not difficult to find that the author's ideological theme is the first, and specific facts, data materials, cases and characters are used to serve grand and important topics. The narrative style is majestic and the writing style is eclectic.
Zhang Jianwei, a well-known in-depth reporter of China Youth Daily, once explained the reason for the rise of such in-depth reports: the paradigm we have long been used to is inevitably gray, often stretched in the face of increasingly complex social life, once in the complexity of the paradigm With an increase, the amount of information it can accommodate is greatly increased, showing a strong vitality.
A style of innovation, to take root in the social reality of the trend of thought, to respond to the general needs of social development, to echo the value of reform and opening up. In the 1980s, the Chinese newspaper industry took on the important role of the “enlightener†with the “in-depth report†with local innovation. The media reform in this era can still give profound inspiration today: the value standpoint and the ideological position of the media. First of all, we must profoundly grasp the pulse of society and lead the trend of thought. Its journalistic practice and text innovation can be at the forefront of the times, and the contribution to society can shine.
1990s: Supervisors and recorders
In the 1990s, we used the "supervisors" and "recorders" to summarize the role of the newspaper media in the tide of reform and opening up. Among them, it is particularly worth mentioning that the Liberation Daily’s “Huangfu Review†series of reviews and the “Shenzhen Special Zone Daily†news report “The Oriental Style Comes Full of Springâ€, these two significant news works showcase the place. The newspaper’s sensitive consciousness of the times continued to lead the ideological trend of ideological emancipation in the frontiers of reform and opening up.
After the Spring Festival in 1991, Zhou Ruijin of the Liberation Daily and Linghe of the Criticism Department, together with Shi Zhihong of the Policy Research Office of the Shanghai Municipal Committee at the time, published four series in the front page of the newspaper under the pseudonym of "Emperor Ping" according to the spirit of Comrade Deng Xiaoping's conversation. The article includes "Leading the Leading Party for Reform and Opening up", "There must be new ideas for reform and opening up", "The awareness of expanding openness should be stronger", and "The reform and opening up requires a large number of cadres with both ability and political integrity." This group of articles caused great repercussions in the society at that time, and even collisions and disputes between different ideas, viewpoints and positions.
From January 1992, "Shenzhen Special Zone Daily" reporter Chen Xitian followed the "Southern Tour" activities of Comrade Deng Xiaoping in Shenzhen, and published a famous communication work "The Oriental Wind Comes Full of Spring" in the newspaper, which truly recorded the period of great men's inspection. The important conversations made have become a landmark event in the ideological emancipation movement of the press. After being forwarded by Xinhua News Agency, this newsletter was widely published by the domestic media and became an important text that influenced and promoted the public's further emancipation of the mind and actively participated in the construction of a socialist market economic system.
In the journalism industry of the 1990s, on the one hand, news reports more and more return to the information standard, respect the law of the news, emphasize the factual principles and professional norms; on the other hand, due to the development and rise of the market economy, various industries have exposed some problems. The Chinese newspaper industry began to conduct public opinion supervision through critical reports to promote the resolution of these social problems. Moreover, radio and television stations have joined the craze of public opinion supervision. Some important media reforms and column innovation "nodes" include:
In February 1992, the large-scale series of “China Quality Miles†was kicked off, mainly to praise enterprises with good product quality, and to expose enterprises producing counterfeit and shoddy goods. This series of reports generated enthusiastic response, party and state leaders. It is also highly rated.
On April 1, 1994, CCTV launched a 13-minute TV news commentary column "Focus Interview" at prime time every night. This column opened the first in-depth report on TV commentary and quickly became a model for media supervision. At the peak of its influence, on October 7, 1998, Premier Zhu Rongji visited CCTV and gave a speech on the 16 words of "Focus Interview": "public opinion supervision, mass mouthpiece, government mirror, reform of the soldiers."
In 1994, the Central People’s Broadcasting Station launched the in-depth report column “News and Verticals†featuring public opinion supervision. Each time it was broadcasted at 7:00 every morning for 20 minutes, the program adopted a “journalist-style host†approach, which closely followed the social hotspots. Report.
On May 17, 1996, CCTV launched the "News Investigation" column, which was based on TV survey reports. The concept gradually changed from "the facts that are happening, the news behind the news" to "exploring the truth", not only exploring TV. Investigating the new discourse of the report, and becoming a typical benchmark for TV investigative reporting.
In addition, since the mid-1990s, "Southern Weekend" featured public opinion supervision reports, and its influence has rapidly increased, which has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. Some studies have suggested that the Southern Weekend of this period presents the conscience, courage, standard and creativity of newspapers, and its news practice is more in line with the characteristics of advocacy journalism and participatory journalism.
In addition to the role of “supervisorâ€, the Chinese newspaper industry is increasingly characterized by “recordersâ€. The "recorder" here not only refers to the more emphasis on objective records, factual standards, but also the rational and peaceful style of news reporting, and refers to the perspective of news reporting, which begins to pay attention to the bottom and ordinary people, and has a record era. Consciousness of consciousness.
Among them, it is particularly worth mentioning that the "Freezing Point" weekly magazine launched by the "China Youth Daily" in 1995, the first work "Beijing's last dung barrel" was published on January 6 and caused a strong social reaction. Rereading the opening words of the reporter Wang Weiqun, you can feel the "grounded gas" style that points the angle of view to ordinary people: "This is the only remaining manure workers in Beijing. They are old educated youths and lived in the Great Northern Wilderness. After many years. After returning to their hometown, they took up the septic bucket of Shi Chuanxiang. In the window of the prostitute like a cloud, on the glass wall of the luxurious and beautiful Grand Hotel, they reflected their shadows disproportionately..."
It is said that on the day of the publication of the report, the editor of the layout entered the newspaper gate, and the masters of the communication room and the driver’s class rushed him to praise “awesome!â€, the editor’s phone kept ringing, and many readers were moved and even wept. .
It can be said that this is the first time that the Chinese newspaper industry has targeted the mainstream media reports to the most ordinary people. By telling their stories, people can feel the individual strength and the underlying spirit in the torrent of the times. This kind of news works has realized the important turn of the value and dimension of mainstream media reports, turning the previous "top-down" perspective to "bottom-up", and its transformation has historical significance. Today, the attention of the Chinese newspaper media to the fate of ordinary people consistently reflects the concern of the party and the country on the fate of the people, and reflects the fundamental position of the Chinese media as "people-centered". This is an important manifestation of the humanistic spirit of the newspaper industry, and it is also worthwhile. The newspaper industry continues its historical glory.
Since the new century: investigators and interpreters
In the new century, we can use the role of “investigator†and “interpreter†to generalize the development of China's newspaper industry in the past 20 years. With China's accession to the World Trade Organization, China's integration into globalization is accelerating. The newspaper industry not only focuses on the relationship between China and the world, but also focuses on the interests of individuals and groups, and gradually strengthens the functions of recording and interpretation. Looking back at the development of China's newspaper industry in the past 20 years, the author believes that some important moments and events are worth recording:
On January 1, 2001, as the leader of Chinese business newspapers, "21st Century Business Herald" was founded. The newspaper insisted on the concept of creating value by the news, together with professional financial newspapers such as China Business News, to report on the Chinese economy and The interaction of the global economy plays an important role in supervision and interpretation.
On March 17, 2003, Sun Zhigang, a college student, was sent to a transit and transit station in Guangzhou for containment. He died on March 20. The Southern Metropolis Daily published a report by reporters Chen Feng and Wang Lei on April 25, "The recipient of the case, Sun Zhigang. Death. The report actively promoted the abolition of the detention and repatriation system and became a landmark event for market-oriented newspapers to promote policy improvement and social progress. Since then, mainstream urban newspapers, including the Beijing News, have led the wave of newspaper market reforms for more than a decade.
Around 2012, China’s newspaper industry experienced a historic “turning point†from high-speed growth to rapid decline. The “Oriental Morning Post†officially ceased publication on January 1, 2017 and was completely transformed into a “澎湃新闻†client. The pace of digital transformation of the industry has accelerated, and the entire newspaper industry has accelerated “de-capacity†in the process of gradually withdrawing from the market.
On July 21, 2012, the “@人民日报†account issued the first Weibo, transmitted rescue information and spread social care. It opened the prelude to the official operation of the People’s Daily’s official Weibo, and also marked the central media’s mobile Internet. The digital transformation initiated by the spread. Today, People’s Daily’s Weibo fans have exceeded 100 million, WeChat’s public fans have exceeded 25 million, and client downloads have exceeded 200 million. These data show that a few mainstream newspapers have made remarkable achievements in re-competing netizens and consolidating their ability to guide public opinion. .
Looking back at the development of the newspaper industry in the past 20 years since the beginning of the century, there are two "clues" that are always very clear.
The first clue is the large-scale expansion and mainstreaming of the Metropolis Daily. It actively promotes social progress in explaining social phenomena, investigating social issues, and enlightening social concepts, and has played an irreplaceable positive function.
The second clue is the digital transformation of the party newspaper and the creation of the Internet product matrix, laying a solid foundation for re-consolidating the communication, influence, guidance and credibility of the online public opinion field.
Looking at the forty years of China's newspaper reform and development, it is not only a witness to the historical development of China's 40 years of reform and opening up, but also a promoter of social progress in China's 40 years of reform and opening up. At present, the newspaper industry is undergoing transformation and upgrading. Newspapers are “born to dieâ€, accelerating the transformation of digital platforms and mobile Internet, and news reports are constantly exploring the form of integration and innovation.
The development of the future newspaper industry needs to continue to serve reform and development, and the most important function of boosting reform is still thought leadership and value leadership. For example, in 2016, when there were some doubts and concerns in the society about whether the Cultural Revolution will come back, the People’s Daily published a commentary on Ren Ping on May 17, saying that the mistakes of the “Cultural Revolution†should never be repeated. The "Cultural Revolution" is a civil strife that was mistakenly launched by leaders and used by counter-revolutionary groups to bring serious disasters to the party, the state and people of all nationalities. The harm caused is comprehensive and serious.
History has fully proved that the "Cultural Revolution" is completely wrong in theory and practice. It is not and cannot be revolutionary or social progress in any sense. This major commentary on the role of “reassuring†at the crucial moment is the great value of the mainstream media to consolidate the cornerstone of ideas and consolidate social consensus.
Standing at the historical juncture of the 40 years of reform and opening up, facing the multiple challenges of economic globalization, newspaper integration and operational public welfare, the Chinese newspaper industry is actively exploring various dimensions such as news reports, integration and transformation, media think tanks, and industry development. .
The author believes that the newspaper industry must continue to help reform and opening up, and needs to complete four aspects of change:
First, from the issue tracker to the agenda setter.
Not only should we pay attention to social hotspots, we will be the followers of the issues, we must also be the setters of major issues in social reform and development, and contribute to social progress with continuous attention to major issues.
Second, the improvement from the facts to the truth interpreters.
Not only do the gatekeepers of the facts, the bottom line of facts, but also the interpreters of the truth, to help the public understand the complex China and the advancing China.
Third, the pursuit of information disseminators to value leaders.
Not only do information disseminators, but also value leaders, and pass on China's culture, development direction, and national spirit to the public and the world.
Fourth, from the commitment to reporting to the transformation of service governance.
Not only must we focus on news reporting, but we must also participate in the modernization process of national social governance and play the role of a media think tank.
General Secretary Xi Jinping asked journalists to be the communicators of the party’s policy claims, the record of the times, the promoters of social progress, and the watchers of fairness and justice. This requires the news media to do both positive reporting and public opinion guidance, but also to record facts and reveal the truth, but also to pursue mainstream influence and thought leadership. The influence in the record and the promotion in the impact are the efforts of the newspaper industry to continue to deepen reform and boost social progress in the future development of China's society.
Editor in charge: Ge Hongyan
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